Essay about Gender Differences in Sports - 2280 Words

Perfectionism has been defined as a belief; it is something that sociologically and by definition is unattainable. People strive to be perfect everyday and come to believe that any work that is anything less than perfect is unacceptable. Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990) define perfectionism as the setting of excessively high standards of performance in conjunction with a tendency to make overly critical self-evaluations. According to psychologist Don E. Hamachek perfectionism is considered on some levels as an unhealthy compulsive behavior. Perfectionism is also considered a stable pattern of thinking and behavior that changes relatively little over time. This has contributed to the designation of perfectionism as a positive†¦show more content†¦Maladaptive perfectionism, on the other hand, describes the tendency to set excessively high standards, be overly self-critical, and be extensively influenced by the approval of significant others, such as parents, teache rs, and sports coaches. It is important for us to determine the forms of maladaptive perfectionism because it has been understudied throughout the years due to the psychological aspects of the study. Individuals who are characterized as maladaptive perfectionists tend to exhibit exaggerated expectations, have a high fear of failure, and are less capable of coping reasonably with challenging situations. Maladaptive perfectionists can also be associated with causing depression, intense worry, persistent self-doubt, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Combinations of behaviors and personalities of maladaptive perfectionists’ athletes resulted in their physical and mental burn out. It is not surprising that perfectionism has been traditionally perceived as negative, or also referred to as undesirable, abnormal, neurotic, maladaptive or dysfunctional (Anshel Mansouri, 2005; Blatt, 1995; Hamachek, 1978; Suddarth Slaney, 2001; Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, 1995). Maladaptive perfect ionism is instrumental in a variety of psychopathologies and adjustment problems (Flett, Sawatzsy, Hewitt, 1995). Some of these problems have hadShow MoreRelatedGender Differences In A Market With Relative Performance Feedback Analysis1014 Words   |  5 PagesWozniak, David. Gender Differences in a Market with Relative Performance Feedback: Professional Tennis Players. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, vol. 83, no. 1, June 2012, pp. 158-171. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.020. â€Å"Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: Professional tennis players† by David Wozniak makes the argument that with new research and analytics, women tend to be less competitive than men, shown through professional tennis playersRead MoreThe Ways Gender Difference Is A Basis For Inequality974 Words   |  4 Pagesways gender difference is a basis for inequality in contemporary society? Gender refers to the socially constructed categories of feminine and masculine. It is one of the major factors in social difference and inequality in today’s society. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles. Using a paragraph based approach I intend to individually analyse various aspects of gender differencesRead MoreSocial Inequality : A Part Of Sports1080 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Social inequality is a part of many issues other than sports, but it is a part of sports to do several issues such as gender roles, salary and stereotypes. The Significance: The significance of this topic of inequality in sports is that it does not just occur in sports. It happens all around us, you see social inequality happening at work places, schools, restaurants and many other places. Many people don’t see if because they don’t know what it is. Population: Many people think it onlyRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports And Women s Professional Level Of Sport1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in Sports Across the world, society holds men and women to different standards. There are precise gender roles and stereotypes that are well established. In the western world, women are supposed to be nurturers, cleaners, and the chef. Whereas men are perceived as strong, independent, and athletic. When these social norms are broken, it is not uncommon for specific labels to be given, such as being called a lesbian. Over the past few centuries, these stereotypes and gender rolesRead MoreThe Psychological Differences between Men and Women in Sports1565 Words   |  7 Pagesways. Some of these differences include competitiveness, goal orientation, self-confidence, motivation, mental toughness, incentives, preferences, etc. According to Anne Bowker in Sports Participation and Self-Esteem, Men have an advantage over women in sports because theyre more aggressive and have higher self-esteem (2003). There has always been that stereotype of boys being more athletic than girls. The gender segregation of sports reflects more than just physical differences between men and womenRead MoreGender Portrayal Of Rock Climbing Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pageshow gender is portrayed in rock climbing. I would like to find out if genders are sexualized, objectified or shown differently. I would also like to see if there is any transgender or transsexual representation in the sport of rock climbing. Transgender is an umbrella term for a range of people who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender (Ravelli, Webber, 2016), and a transsexual person is someone who undergoes sex reassignment (Ravelli, Webber, 2016). I am defining gender as: socialRead MoreComparing Basketball And The Basketball Association826 Words   |  4 PagesBasketball is one of the most popular sports played and watched nationwide and global. Shooting, dribbling, crossing someone up, and even dunking has cau ght the eye of many people around the world. Many basketball players start at young age playing at a local recreation or YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) to build their skills and IQ of the game. This sport also consists of two genders: male and female. One of the top associations in American sports today is The National Basketball AssociationRead More How the Introduction of the Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects t1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects that Individual and the Sport Itself A high school age boy makes the papers when he joins the girls varsity field hockey team at his high school. A woman is judged according to femininity rather than muscle mass in a body building competition. An African American is thought inferior to his white counterparts on the sports field. 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An example is given by Adams and Pamela (2003) who have postulated that cheerleading gives an opportunity for participants to reconstruct femininity in a way not to challenge the dominant ideas of the roles and expectations. This they did, by adjusting themselves to suit the evolving ideas of what it means to be a woman in the societal or cultural context. Also, there has been

Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates Free Essays

BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES Market Decisions On the marketing side, exchange rates can affect demand for a company’s products at home and abroad. A country such as Mexico may force down the value of its currency if its exports become too expensive owing to relatively high inflation. Even though inflation would cause the peso value of the Mexican products to rise, the devaluation means that it takes less foreign currency to buy the pesos, thus allowing the Mexican products to remain competitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now One interesting ramification of a peso depreciation is the impact of the cheaper Mexican goods on exporters from other countries. For example, the cheaper Mexican goods flooding the market in Argentina might take away market share from Italian exporters, thus affecting the Italian economy. A good example of the marketing impact of exchange rate changes is the problem that Japanese car manufacturers were having selling to the United States in 1986 and 1987 due to the sharp rise in the value of the yen. As the dollar fell 47 percent against the yen in the 16 months ending in December 1986, Japanese car companies found that their cost advantage had disappeared, prices had to be increased, and profit margins had to be trimmed in order to remain competitive. In addition, Korean cars were making inroads due to the low costs and prices of Korean products. Thus a currency depreciation could result in foreign products becoming so expensive in a country like the United States that U. S. roducts soon would pick up market share from imports. The key is whether or not the percentage of devaluation exceeds the relative increase in inflation. In the case of Japan, the strengthening of the Japanese yen in the latter part of 1990 was advantageous to the Japanese in one sense—the cost of imports. Oil prices skyrocketed in late 1990 as Iraq invaded Kuwait, and oil is priced in dollars. Because the yen was rising against the dollar, the stronger yen offset the higher cost of oil. Production Decisions Production decisions also could be affected by an exchange-rate change. A manufacturer in a country with high wages and operating expenses might be tempted to locate production in a country such as Argentina (where the austral is rapidly losing value) because a foreign currency could buy lots of aus-trals, making the initial investment relatively cheap. Another reason for locating in a country such as Argentina is that goods manufactured there would be relatively cheap in world markets. However, a firm could accomplish the same purpose by going to any country whose currency is expected to remain weak in relation to that of the parent-country currency. The attractiveness of a weak-currency country must be balanced with the potential problems of investing there. Financial Decisions The final business area where exchange rates make a difference is in finance, The areas of finance that are most affected are the sourcing of financial re- sources, the remittance of funds across national borders, and the financial statements. There might be a temptation to borrow money where interest rates are lowest. However, we mentioned earlier that interest-rate differentials often are compensated for in the money markets through exchange-rate changes. In the area of financial flows, a parent company would want to convert local currency into the parent’s own currency when exchange rates are most favorable so that it can maximize its return. However, countries with weak currencies often have currency controls, making it difficult to manage the flow of funds optimally. Finally, exchange-rate changes also can influence the reporting of financial results. A simple example can illustrate the impact that exchange rates can have on income. If the Mexican subsidiary of a U. S. company earns 100 million pesos when the exchange rate is 200 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income is $500,000. If the peso depreciates to 300 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income falls to $333,333. The opposite would occur if the local currency appreciates against the parent currency. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE The international monetary system has undergone significant reform in the past two decades. As the historically planned economies undergo a transition to market economies, they will feel significant pressure on their exchange rates. High rates of inflation and weak demand for those currencies will lead to major devaluations—certainly a key factor affecting the Russian rouble in March and April of 1991. The European Monetary System should continue to strengthen, and national economic policies will be coordinated more closely as the Europeans move closer to a common currency. However, the weaker economies of some of the new entrants into the EC will continue to plague harmonization and the problems arising during the reunification of Germany will keep the German mark from soaring too high against the currencies of the other EC members. Some of the most interesting changes in currency values will take place in the â€Å"more flexible† category. Countries in the â€Å"adjusted according to a set of indicators† and â€Å"other managed floating† categories need to gain greater control over their economies in order to move to the â€Å"independently floating† category. Countries in the latter category are under constant pressure to control inflation and to keep from being tempted to intervene in the markets. Firms will face constant pressure to understand the factors influencing particular exchange rates and to adjust corporate strategy in anticipation of rate movements. Their job will only get easier if exchange rate volatility diminishes How to cite Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates, Essay examples

Business and Corporations Law Entire Partnership

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporations Law for Entire Partnership. Answer: 1. Issue: In the present assignment, the legal issue in question has to do with whether the actions of a partner can bind the other partners in a partnership firm and make them liable as well. Specifically, what we have to see is whether the action of Adrian in entering two separate agreements, one for buying of Accounting Journals from Tom for $15000 and the other for buying of surveying material from Edgar for an amount of $8000, without the knowledge of the other two partners, Adian and Peter, will bind the entire partnership firm or not. Relevant Laws and Rules: The first and foremost thing to be looked at, in case of situations such as the present case is the term and conditions which the partners had agreed between them. The law will look at the terms arrived at by the partners in a partnership firm and will give effect to it, accordingly. These are clauses and agreements which will lay down the groundwork or the framework for ensuring what kind of liability is owed by each partner to the others as well as to the partnership firm, too (Peirson et al. 2014). This results in the situation that if a partner is doing or has done something for which he had authority, then entire firm as well as the partners too, will be bound and liable for it (Pollock, 2013, p. 10) Apart from this, however, there are also certain other ways, how the different partners in a partnership firm may be held liable for the actions of the other partner even when the other partner overstepped his boundaries in terms of the authority that he had. This situation, in fact, has been provided for in the provision, present in the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) (Business and Corporation law 504 Modules, 2015, Topic 13). The two most important sections present in the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) which adhere to the present issue of an action of a partner outside his scope of authority binding the other partners, is s 5(1) and s 8 of the same. Section 5(1) of the act quite categorically lays down that an unauthorized action of a partner outside his scope of authority will still be able to bind the fellow partners, provided two elements are present. Firstly, for this section to apply, the unauthorized action of the partner has to have some connection with the usual or normal course of business of the partnership firm. This basically means that if a partnership firm is involved in the business of selling of clothes, then the action of the partner outside his scope of authority has to be connected with activity of such sales. If it is not connected with the usual course of business, then the other partners cannot and will not be held liable. Secondly, the other requirement which has been envisioned in the s 5(1) is that the third person the partner acting outside his scope is dealing with has no prior idea of the partner overstepping his boundaries. If it can be proved by the other partners that the third person had knowledge about the partner not acting in tune with his authorization, then the other partners will be able to deflect the blame and their liability as well (Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW). Section 8 of the same act has also been structured, keeping in view the same kind of issue as well. Section 8 states in no uncertain terms that the arrangement between the partners with regards to their scope of authority to bind each other is a sacred covenant for the partnership business to exist and as such if any outside person privy to such agreements still decides to go ahead with an arrangement with one of the partners, where such arrangement is outside the scope of authority of the partner in question, then the third party will not be allowed to take advantage of his wrong and bring a claim against other partners (Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW). Apart from these, s 6(1) and s 7(1) has helps in establishing the same principle with regards to action of a partners, binding the other partners and making them liable as well. There are a couple of decisions of the court as well apart from these statutory provisions, which helps us in understanding the liability existing between the partners. First, among these is the landmark case of Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod (Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103). In this present case, there were two persons involved in the business of garage services. In the internal arrangement between the two partners, they had agreed to not partake in the business of trading of cars. However, one of the partners without the knowledge of the other decided to sell a car over which he had no right to a third party in the name of the partnership business. The third party, quite clearly had to return the car back to its original owner after some time and hence decide to claim charges against the partnership, consequently. The partner without whose knowledge such a transaction was made, tried to avoid liability by showing the internal arrangement of the partnershi p firm. The court, however, in its judgment quite clearly laid down that selling and buying of cars can said to be in the normal course of garage business and since the third party did not have any idea about the internal agreement between the partners, both the partners in such a case should be held liable. The other case, similar to the present situation was the case between Australasia v Breillat (13 ER 642), where the privy council quite clearly laid down that there exists a relationship of agency between the different partners in a partnership firm, especially when one partner does something similar to the business the partnership firm is involved in. Application of Relevant Laws and Rules: With the relevant laws and cases discussed above, we will now be able to see whether Tom and Edgar will be able to claim from only Adrian or even from the other partners as well. The internal arrangement between the partners of the firm was that they would be able to bind each other to the tune of $ 10000. In the case of buying of surveying materials from Edgar, even though it was in connection to something which could not have been said to be in the normal course of business, but the fact that the partners were liable for each others actions up to an amount of $10000, will mean that the other partners will be liable to pay Edgar the required sum. Moreover, simply because of the fact that not only was that particular transaction connected to the normal course of business of the firm but also because Tom had no idea about the arrangement of the partners, tom will be eligible claim in view of s 5(1) and s 8 along with the judgment of the court in the two above referred cases. Conclusion: In the present case, the partners will be liable to both Tom as well as Edgar, due to the partnership provisions prevalent in the country (Gaal, 2013, p.267). Both Tom as well as Edgar will be able to bring action against all the three partners, Adrian, Adian and Peter as well and will be able to prove their case in the court of law. 2. Issue: Based on the facts, the issue that arises here are the following: Whether Richard can be held liable for breaching the non - compete clause with Nu Slim Pty Ltd and whether the company will be asked to close down after its incorporation? Whether Richard and Frances will be held liable for not paying the installment of the loan that costs 40000 dollars owed to United Bank by Fat Away Pty Ltd? Relevant Rule and Procedure: A company structures a non compete clause to restrict the employees from competing against the organization after they complete their period of employment. This kind of restraint is achieved by inserting a non compete clause. This clause enables not only the former employees from competing against the firm but also restraints the existing employees from competing against the organization (Bunstoff et al. 2013). The reason why this rule was included in the Corporations Act was to ensure that the employees do not take unfair advantage of the information that is available to the employees at the time of their employment. This means that the employees, during the course of their employment, will be liable to the company for all their actions that is competitive in nature (Davis et al. 2015, p. 255). Additionally, the case has also given attention to the concept of separate legal entity under section 119 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). As per section 119 of the Act, a company that is registered under the Corporations Act has the capability of suing others and being sued in its own name. This means that the company has to bear all the liabilities in its own name. The liabilities that the company shall undertake will be in its own name as well as in the name of its members. The liabilities may be related to the undertaking of a debt or some other issue that has to be proceeded in the name of the company (Hannigan, 2015). In such an instant, the company will be able to fulfill the principles of separate legal entity. The company possesses the status of a natural person and was to be protected under the doctrine of corporate veil. However, the Court in certain situations may ask the company to lift its corporate veil. The Court uses its discretionary power in such situations and ensures that the companys corporate veil is lifted, especially when the companys working is in question (Grantham, 2013, p. 311). The reason why the corporate veil is lifted from any company is to find out the true owners, members and shareholders of the company. Section 588 V X of the Corporation Act deals with the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil. Application of the Rule: Likewise, in the instant case as well, the issue that is related to the non-competing clause, Richard can claim that the company that was established by him was a separate legal entity and thus, cannot be held liable. However, the Court may hold Richard liable for breaching the clause that relates to restraint of trade. The judgment that was taken by the Court in the case of Gilford Motor Co. Ltd Vs. Horne ([1933] Ch 935), can be applied in the given case study as well as making Fat Away Pty Ltd liable for their actions. The second issue that was in question was related to the lifting of corporate veil. In this case, the Court may order the company to lift their corporate veil to examine and investigate how the owners of the company managed and control the working of the firm. Thus, the companys corporate veil may be lifted. Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be held that Richard will be found guilty of breaching the non compete clause and at the same time, it will also be answerable to Nu Slim Pty Ltd. Moreover, Richard and Frances will also be held liable for not paying the installment of their loan of 40000 dollars owed by United Bank. As such in the present situation both Nu slim Pty Ltd. as well as the United Bank will be able to prove their charges against Richard. References: Australasia v Breillat (13 ER 642). Bnstorf, G, Engel, C, Fischer, S and Guth, W (2013). Win Shift Lose StayAn Experimental Test of Non-Compete Clauses.MPI Collective Goods Preprint, (2013/17). Business and Corporation LAW504 Modules. Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Davis, A, Reicin, E. D and Warren, M (2015). Developing Trends in Non-Compete Agreements and Other Restrictive Covenants.ABA Journal of Labor Employment Law,30(2), 255. Gaal, J (2013). Definitions of.Division 7A Handbook: The Practitioner's Guide to the Div 7A Rules, 267 Gilford Motor Co. Ltd Vs. Horne [1933] Ch 935. Grantham, R (2013). Corporate Veil: An Ingenious Device, The.U. Queensland LJ,32, 311. Hannigan, B (2015).Company law. Oxford University Press, USA. Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103. Partnership Act 1892 (NSW). Peirson, G, Brown, R, Easton, S and Howard, P (2014).Business finance. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Pollock, M (2013). So you want to be a partner?.Brief,40(7), 10.

Scientific Management in the Modern Organizations

Scientific management and the Fordist era Scientific management describes an approach in management developed by Fredrik Taylor to facilitate the analysis and synthesis of workflow in order to enhance economic efficiency in the early 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management in the Modern Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It endeavored to define the main goals of a whole firm, establish subgoals within the key goals, and create synergy between the two aspects. Research shows that the Fordist principles adopted most of the aspects of the scientific management, and advanced them further to facilitate mass production and the formalization of labor control (Vallas et al. 118). This advancement entailed two core aspects. First, Fordism modified the principles related to the standardization of production parts, and added an aspect that separated concept and execution through speci fications in the assembly process. Secondly, Fordism added an aspect of limiting interruptions in the labor process and enhancing control over workers’ tasks in the scientific management model. Fordist production employed strategies such as managerial direction and control, standardization of tasks and departmentalization. These aspects of scientific management focused on the division of labor into smaller units that allowed easier monitoring of workers. The principles of scientific management benefited the objective of mass production during the Fordist era as it provided core principles for optimizing output. Fordism modified Taylor’s principles and incorporated the aspect of the worker and the machine to attain optimal results through collective labor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These principles helped to convince workers to pursue their employerâ€℠¢s goals in order to attain theirs. Furthermore, it fused Taylor’s concepts of division of labor with various aspects of the moving assembly line. Negative effects of Taylor’s principles Scientific management contributed to the core principles employed in production management in the modern world. Its focus on a domineering management approach to promote effective labor division affects employees’ autonomy. A restrictive working environment has adverse effects on employees’ productivity. Another negative aspect of Taylor’s principles concerns the dehumanization of employees. Most of the aspects of mass production entail Taylor’s principles that describe management as an entity that is distinct from various human aspects such as emotions. Thus, the adoption of these principles promotes the depiction of humans as instruments due to the breaking down of jobs into considerably small units. This aspect affects the cognitive input of employees as the tasks become significantly easy. Thus, scientific management has negative effects on modern management practices whose scope is not restricted to the financial rewards for employees. Modern organizations must respond to diverse aspects of employees such as their social well-being in order to enhance employee productivity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management in the Modern Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern working environments render the authoritarian approach within scientific management as invalid (Vallas et al. 200). A mechanistic managerial design is likely to introduce conflicts between the management and employees especially concerning an organizational change. The failure to involve employees in a company’s decision-making process depicts an aspect of lack of trust by the top management on the competency of workers. Taylor’s principles promote the need to create a distinction between workers and experts. This is likely to cause a decline in motivation among employees as they may develop the notion that the company does not value their contributions in its undertakings. In this regard, employees become detached from the company’s objectives start to exhibit laxity in their duties. Taylor’s aspect of the piece-rate payment places emphasizes on an employee’s financial gains rather than the goals within an organization. When employees focus more on the financial benefits derived from their input, they become less concerned with the broader scope of an organization’s goals. Scientific management in the modern organizations Despite the drawbacks associated with scientific management, its various principles create a platform for building a mutual relationship between employers and workers. It possesses a significant level of validity concerning modern organizational approaches. Taylor’s principles enab le a company to structure its operations in a manner that guarantees the satisfaction of both the employer and the employee. It creates a scope within which managers can identify strategies that facilitate accountability within an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, a company can impose various control measures on its workforce to guarantee satisfactory output. Moreover, Taylor’s principles facilitate workers concentration on a few tasks within an organization. Specialization increases the output of organization due to enhanced efficiency concerning the execution of tasks. Another beneficial aspect of scientific management is the optimization of efficiency while minimizing cases of waste during production (Vallas et al. 248). This enhances the economies of scale within a company. Adopting Taylor’s principles provide a company with significant levels of control over its work force. In this regard, monitoring of the employees’ output will ensure desirable output. Thus, the principles of scientific management create a framework upon which modern organizations can create a distinction between managerial functions and the roles of employees. However, its applicability in modern management practices faces challeng es due to some inapplicable concepts such as the description of employees’ satisfaction to depend solely on monetary returns. In this regard, one can conclude that although the whole of the scientific management theory is not viable in modern management practices, some of its elements possess significant relevancy, and have become integrated in almost all modern organizations. This describes the significant correlation between different management practices within today’s organizations. Works Cited Vallas, Steven P., William Finlay, and Amy S. Wharton. The sociology of work:  structures and inequalities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print This essay on Scientific Management in the Modern Organizations was written and submitted by user Laylah Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Zeashawn Choudhry Essay

Zeashawn Choudhry Essay Zeashawn Choudhry Essay TOP STORIES FRANCE BUSINESS / TECH 4 AFRICA SPORT MIDDLE EAST CULTURE OPED Recommend 111 EUROPE LIFE AMERICAS REPORTAGES Send Tw eet ASIA / PACIFIC TV SHOWS 4 OBSERVERS SOCIAL TV 0 WEATHER BLOGS Share TRAVEL 1 Search the website (/en/20131031-france-hollande-refuses-budge-75-percent-tax-football-ligue-1#comments) LATEST UPDATE: 01/11/2013 - ECONOMY (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-POUR-LES-ARTICLES/ECONOMY) - FOOTBALL (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-POUR-LES-ARTICLES/FOOTBALL-0) - FRANCE (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-POUR-LES-ARTICLES/FRANCE-0) - FRANÇOIS HOLLANDE (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-TH%C3%A9MATIQUES/FRAN%C3%A7OIS-HOLLANDE) FRENCH ECONOMY (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-THEMATIQUES/FRENCH-ECONOMY) - LIGUE 1 (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-THEMATIQUES/LIGUE-1) - TAXES (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-THEMATIQUES/TAX) Hollande refuses to exempt footballers from 75% tax French President Franà §ois Hollande said on Thursday that he would not exempt professional football players from a proposed 75 percent income tax, prompting the country’s top clubs to state that the planned November strike would now go ahead.  © AFP By FRANCE 24 (/en/category/tags-auteurs/france-24) Follow (text) French President Franà §ois Hollande (http://w w w .france24.com/en/category/tags-th%C3%A9matiques/fran%C3%A7oishollande?page=1) showed football clubs the red card on Thursday in the face of protests over plans to impose a 75 percent tax (http://w w w .france24.com/en/20131024-france-top-football-clubs-go-strike-over-75-percent-tax) on earnings over one million euros a year. The Socialist president refused to budge on the issue after meeting the chiefs of some of the country’s top tier football clubs (http://w w w .france24.com/en/category/tags-thematiques/ligue-1) earlier in the day, who have threatened to strike over the tax. The Union of Professional Football Clubs (UCPF), which represents France’s first and second division teams, stated that they would now go ahead with plans to strike at the end of November in response to Hollande’s position. The UCPF has argued

Bryan

The Locos were a radical faction of the Democratic Party that existed from 1835 until the mid-asses. ;The faction was originally named the Equal Rights Party, and was created in New York City as a protest against that city regular Democratic organization Tammany Hall. In general, Locos supported Andrew Jackson and Van Burden, and Were for free trade, greater circulation of specie, legal protections for labor unions and against paper money, financial speculation, and state banks. Specie Circular ; The Specie Circular, or Coinage Act, was an executive order issued by U. S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van Burden. ; The Act was a reaction to the growing concerns about excessive speculations of land after the Indian removal, which was mostly done with soft currency. Long Cabin campaign, Tippecanoe and Tyler too, ND the election of 1840 Tippecanoe and Tyler too was a very popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Partys colorful Log Cabin campaign in the 1840 United States presidential [->l]election. Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the hero of Tippecanoe) and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Burden. ; The United States presidential election of 1 840 saw President Martin Van Burden fight for re-election against an economic depression and a Whig Party unified for the first time behind war hero William Henry [->garrison and his log bin campaign. Second Great Awakening ; The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early 1 9th century in the United States.

Citizen Kane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Citizen Kane - Essay Example Kane’s mother is trying to talk and send him to Thatcher so that he can receive a better education and have a bright future. The intense stare as the mother looks Kane straight in the eye trying to explain the situation to him shows how much she cares for her son and cares for him to receive a bright future. Kane’s mother wants him to go so as to receive the American dream (Bordwell &Thompson, 2011). There is much tension in the scene when Kane refuses to go with Thatcher as he is content with the kind of life he is living in his humble background. Thatcher and Kane’s mother talk to him through the window as he is playing in the snow. There is an argument as his mother forces him to go with Thatcher. The conversation ends with banging the window and leaves Kane with no option than to go discover the American dream. The relationship between Kane and his mother is an affectionate relationship as Kane loves his love of peace and serenity and quiet. While reading the â€Å"Declaration of Principles†, Kane is cast in a shadow when he is reading the declaration aloud, but once he completes the reading he goes back to light. The use of lighting in this scene says two things about Kane. One is that Kane is not strong to be able to persist with the principles regardless his idealism being genuine (Carringer, 2004). The second thing is that the shadow also shows how the Inquirer and Kane will become the antithesis to the declaration he just read. Leland recounts Kane’s first marriage and suggests he was in love with the wife that is why he married her. Kane was, however, brutal to his first wife that led to the end of their marriage. The breakfast sequence shows a lot of the things that was going on in their married life. At the beginning of the marriage, they are a happy newlywed couple, and they sit next to each other. They talk with smiles and laughs, and Mrs. Kane is wearing

Business Management Affairs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Management Affairs - Coursework Example For the purposes of consistency and avoidance of double standards, a single choice of the contract law becomes necessary for Simon. Contents of a contract under English law A legally binding contract under the English law contains various elements stipulating the terms of the contract. In the English contract law, three essential elements ought to be present for any contract to be considered legally binding. A promise ought to be made to a person. This can be identified as the beginning point of a legally binding contract. In this section, the promise becomes a determining factor for any arising legal obligations. The promises form the condition under which contracts become actualized. Promises under the English law do not always come with a legal obligation. The agreements involving payments upon performance of a duty can be identified to contain legal obligations. The making of a promise can be regarded as the intention to create a binding agreement pertaining to a specified duty. The promise only states a limited level of information regarding the offer being made. This element shall be essential in the project Simons is undertaking at the recruitment stage for the judges. The promise made can either be providing legal obligations or not. The second phase of English contract law involves identifying the duties arising from the contract. The English contract law makes a distinguishing characterization between the duties arising. Here, the two categories are bilateral and unilateral contracts. While the English law makes this categorization, the common law does not categorize different contracts (Keenan and Riches, 2011). In the English law, unilateral contracts give legal obligations to only one of the contracting parties. The bilateral contracts, on the other hand, provide legal obligations to both parties. Unilateral contracts cannot be used in the case of Simons as they will not give an obligation to the judges. This phase of the contract law can be define d as the beginning of the formal legal contract. Upon agreement, the parties can consider themselves to have gotten into a contract. The last phase of the English contract law lays down the remedies for breaching of contracts. This also stipulates the system to be employed when seeking remedies to contract breach. Under the English law, two methods of seeking remedy exist. While the main difference between the two lies in the courts administering the remedy, the remedies continue to be administered by the same courts. The English law defines the remedies can be administered by either the king’s bench of the chancery courts. These courts shall be used in the administration of remedies for the contracts between the judges and Simons’ company. Requirements of the contract The Simons TV production company needs to draw contracts adhering to the English contracting laws. This becomes essential for the company in avoiding law suits outside the United Kingdom courtrooms. The company needs to ensure adherence to these prevailing contracting laws of England. The company shall solicit the services of any qualified candidates deemed to fit to perform the functions of adjudication. In accordance to the English law, the TV production company shall make the promise to the proposed judges. The company can make use of both

Advertising Statement Essay Example for Free

Advertising Statement Essay Rosser Reeves was the one who invented the term â€Å"USP†. The Unique selling proposition is sometimes referred to as â€Å"product difference.† In rare cases, some products or services have a unique and impressive proposition/benefit. A unique selling proposition is the ultimate proposition because its one that no other competitor can claim. It has to be something that you could also sell from. The concept of a unique selling proposition, or USP, is based on a benefit statement that is both unique to the product and important to the user. The heart of a USP is a proposition, which is a promise that states a specific and unique benefit you will get from using the product. If the product has a special formula, design, or feature, particularly if protected by a patent or copyright, then you are assured that it is truly unique. This is why a USP is frequently marked by the use of an â€Å"only† statement, either outright or implied. There are various methods that can be used to find a USP as it is demonstrated in advertising strategies and ideas. Strategy in Advertising In advertising, â€Å"strategy† refers to the overall marketing or selling approach. It is the thinking behind the concept/idea. (The thinking behind the thinking, if you like.) Decisions about selling premises are central to the overall advertising strategy. The strategy (or strategic thought) can come from a proposition/benefit of the product, how it used, the market background, the choice of target audience, or any combination thereof. Every strategy should have an element of distinction ( small or large ) from the competition’s strategies, as should the proceeding concept and campaign. All strategies should be written in the form of a strategy statement, also known as â€Å"creative brief†. However, there are several questions we should seek to answer to cover the area of strategic analysis. Competitor, best prospects, and what buying appeals have the greatest leverage. At the corporate level what takes place in the advertising department would be seen as tac tical whilst in the advertising department this would be seen as strategic. * Corporate strategies are concerned with the major functions of the company, and cover finance, human resource management, production, administration, and marketing. * Marketing strategies are concerned with ANSOFF’s matrix and the marketing mix. * Promotional strategies are concerned with the promotional mix options (advertising, sales promotions, PR, publicity, selling, sponsorship, exhibitions). Effective Advertising Advertising that is effective creates the message that best expresses the product-prospect relationship. In addition, the message has to be intrusive enough to battle through the clutter in the contemporary media marketplace. To reach the effectiveness in advertising, a creative strategy should be involved in the process. It has to sell the product effectively by promoting them through smart and well designed advertisement. Creative Brief When forming a strategy from which to create ideas, it needs to be written down in a black and white. This helps to focus and steer the formation of ideas from the onset. When people suggest that an idea is â€Å"off strategy,† they mean that it doesn’t relate back to the defined strategy, and will therefore be much harder to sell the idea to the client. By having a strategy statement at hand, you can keep referring back to it whilst generating ideas from that strategy. It is very hard, even if you are an experienced creative, to produce a great campaign idea (or even a single one shot) without a solid, tight strategy. In short, the better you are briefed, the easier your job will be. A poorly defined, vogue, â€Å"wooly† brief is no use to a creative person, nor is highly specific one that restricts the number of ideas. Below are the basic examples of the headings in a creative brief, * Client * Product/service * Product and market background (supposition) * Competition * Business/Advertising Objective (problem to solve) * Media * Target market/Group/Audience * Proposition/Promise/Benefit * Proposition Support Points * Tone of Voice * â€Å"Mandatories† (Inclusions/Exclusions) Media in Advertising The choice of media depends upon the type of product or service being advertised, the target market, and the client’s budget. Each campaign can be in one form of media, or multiple forms. Traditional advertising media includes print, TV, and radio. Non-traditional includes ambient and guerrilla concepts. In addition, there is direct media, and interactive media. In the UK, each type of media is defined by its relation to a hypothetical â€Å"line† that divides the two. Traditional media is â€Å"above the line,† whereas direct marketing and interactive advertising is â€Å"below the line.† Companies that produce work in all the forms are referred to as â€Å"through the line† agencies, or â€Å"full service.† Other divisions within advertising include sales promotion, and business-to-business. Whereas business-to-consumer advertising, once the skill is developed, the same creative process can easily be applied to these other forms of media an d advertising. Positioning All products and companies, as seen by the customer, occupy some kind of ‘position’ in the market whether they intend it or not. This might be, for example, high price-high value, low price-low value, high price-low value, good company-not-so-good company and so on, when compared with comparable competing products and competing organizations. Most modern organizations now attempt to actively influence this position in the market by matching product and corporate benefits with the needs of clearly identified segments. The managers have performed professionally, be integrated to match the identified needs of the target market. Positioning is how the marketer wants the consumer to view its product relative to the competition. Although product differentiation plays a role in creating a product position, product differences account for only part of a product’s position. A positioning strategy also includes the manner in which a product’s factors are combined, ho w they communicated, and who communicates them. The size (and value) of the advertising corporate and brand positioning is crucial to the well-being of any company and so should be left to the agency professional. Copywriting Copywriting is an essential part of the design communication mix, and those of us who do it for a living will tell you that crafting massages and telling stories is a rewarding mental process, even in the business context. You’ll find that being able to generate a response from your audience is a valuable and highly sought-after skill. Copy (or text, or words) used in design is a very particular type of creative writing that requires the inspiration of an artist and the control of a craftsman or craftswoman. In comparison to the rails on which the copywriter runs, the novelist or poet has no limitations. Poetry and storytelling are flights of the imagination, with no client or news editor to bear in mind. Whether the personality of the writer shines through directly or indirectly, this is the purest creative writing – it can take off in any direction, be as fictional as it wants to be, and go wherever it pleases. Writing copy, however, is all about sticking to brief, while paying homage to the creativity and style of the poet and storyteller. Journalists and copywriters are commercial writers, but the essence of the role is completely different. In most cases journalist have to create the story from the scratch, usually by following leads. They will have to research the facts to get to the heart of the matter, discover the different viewpoints and opinions, and bring this material together accurately and coherently. Articles are often written to a tightly defined structure, while features can allow more room for individual expression and the interweaving of the writer’s viewpoint. The message has to be factually correct, balanced, and fair, but the writer is allowed to take a stance, which could reflect that of the newspaper or, in the case of regular column, the writer’s opinion. Copywriting borrows from all other fields of writing in its quest for creative expression, but ther e is no room for your personality in the copy that you write; you are simply a scribe, a hired mouthpiece for your client, and it is the brand’s voice that must come through, loudly and clearly.

The Human Genome Revolution in the Rio Grande Valley :: Genes Biology Argumentative Essays Papers

The Human Genome Revolution in the Rio Grande Valley Most, if not all, of the technological and scientific advances throughout history, were influenced by the burning desire to discover, to know, and to be in control. The ambition to acquire knowledge has led mankind to embark on controversial and risk full, yet promising and intriguing fields, such as genetic research and study. In our modern day world, genetic research, or what we know as the genome revolution, has caused unceasing turmoil and controversy; however, behind all the ethical and religious opinions lies the hope for a brighter future for humanity. Whether we realize it or not, genome research brings with it many benefits, as well as new subjects of debate closer to us, in our community- the Rio Grande Valley. The Rio Grande Valley is populated with a vast majority of Hispanic people. A Hispanic myself, I know that our people are passionate lovers of our culture and faithful followers of our faith. Many Hispanics do not favor genome research, (human cloning in specific), because it is an insult to the Christian faith, which holds God as the one and only creator of life. The knowledge of the human genome structure, equips man to become "architects" of life. Beyond the concern of man creating man, lays the uncertainty of the spiritual being and integrity of the newly created human clones. In an area where Hispanics are the dominating ethnic group, conflicts are definitely sure to arise between those who oppose and support cloning. The Rio Grande Valley is also an agricultural area, and genome research provides new and more perfected techniques for farming and cultivating. These modern processes, are far more perfected than latter day techniques, and result in higher quality products, in much larger quantities. Greater and faultless productivity will promote and generate better business opportunities for agricultural companies in the valley. In return, employees of these companies will receive better salaries. It is important to keep in mind that many Hispanics do not only support their immediate family but also those that are away from them, like elderly parents. In this way, the Rio Grande Valley's inhabitants will be greatly benefited. Hispanics are prone to many diseases already inscribed in our DNA, like diabetes, high blood pressure, heart failure, as well as many others.

Architecture as a Political Tool for Change

Red LocationArchitecture as a Political Tool for Change Could you speak about the context of the project-Port Elizabeth as a Port City and New Brighton as a Township? Port Elizabeth sits on the East Coast ofSouth Africa and interestingly enough it was one of the first topographic points to be discovered by the Portuguese, on their geographic expeditions to the East. The metropolis sits on a big bay called Algoa Bay and offers great entree to the backwoods of South Africa. It was truly given form in colonial footings by the 1820 Settlers but in the 20thcentury became the Centre of car industry of Africa and most of the world’s major auto makers had assembly lines in Port Elizabeth. So it is a tough minded industrial town. You could state it is much like a company town, a spot like Detroit. It is a topographic point that ne'er had any industry to back up it, other than a port and the motor auto industry. In the last portion of the 20thcentury it was the site of a great trade of internal battle, chiefly led by the trade brotherhoods, which were mostly responsible for the ruin of apartheid. You could state that the autumn of the apartheid authorities was made touchable by the opposition mounted within the state and it was the trade brotherhoods in Port Elizabeth who mostly shaped that. So it is an industrial town with a strong and proud trade brotherhood history. It has had its ups and downs like all industrial metropoliss have had. The context of New Brighton so, is that it provides most of the labor for the car industry. The people who live there are ferociously proud. Obviously trade unionism and trade brotherhood civilization is really much portion of the manner they see the universe and Red Location is an of import Centre in New Brighton. It is in a sense one of the few sites of battle in the state where trade unionism is really strongly marked. The metropolis was best characterized by the early work of Athol Fugard, which were all set in Port Elizabeth. The plants truly dealt with a tough sort of urban Centre, where people struggled for endurance and managed to do sense of lives that were truly devastated by apartheid, and assorted other things. It is a great metropolis but it is a metropolis that has ever had an unsure hereafter. The people are truly great, because most of them have merely known adversity, so they don’t have the same sort of outlook that people from Johannesburg, Cape Town or Durban might hold. They are much more down to earth and much more able to set up with less, with a batch more temper. I think it is one of the nicest metropoliss to work in. What is the significance of Red Location? Red Location was the first settled urban black community in the whole of South Africa, and it came approximately, oddly plenty through the Boer War. The edifices that comprised Red Location in 1902 really came from an Afrikaner concentration cantonment. At the terminal of the Boer War, the barracks were dismantled and were so taken to Red Location and re-assembled to originally suit a battalion of British soldiers, who shortly moved out. The first African black households so moved in. So it is historically of import because it was the first African black community in the state. And for this ground it really became the Centre of the rational and cultural life of New Brighton, which grew to a community of, what is today, approximately half a million people. You had great figures like George Pemba, the creative person, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba and Ernest Malgas among others who are really of import people in our history who came from New Brighton. It was besides a site of battle. In the late 1940s the battle against apartheid intensified, many of the leaders of that battle came from New Brighton and peculiarly the Red Location country. Thingss like the first resistance, armed MK cell existed in Red Location. The first inactive opposition against the base on balls Torahs was mounted in Red Location, led by Raymond Mhlaba, which took topographic point at the Red Location railroad station. So there were a figure of important events that truly mark Red Location as a national site of battle. What for me is most interesting is this really self-contradictory inversion, where you have a set of infinites [ the barracks ] which were constructed for the captivity of Afrikaner adult females and kids. They were efficaciously concentration cantonments. About 30 five 1000 Afrikaner adult females and kids died in those concentration cantonments. Then after the Boer War they were re-assembled in a black country, where black households lived. So with the rise of Afrikaner patriotism, you have Afrikanders, efficaciously incarcerating black people, in assorted different ways, in the same set of infinites. So those edifices have gone through a figure of different battles. And in a manner it is a strong metaphor for this state, that in a manner, everyone in this state has fought for their freedom at one phase or another. So the thought with Red Location was that it would be the ideal topographic point for a museum, which would cover truly with rapprochement. Where you could convey together the histories of the Afrikaner people and the histories of the black African people and show that they both suffered in different ways at different times, under different groups and governments. So it was in a manner about speaking about a existent signifier of rapprochement. It wasn’t merely one group against another. So the alone conditions of Red Location lent itself fabulously for a museum. Second Ernest Malgas, Raymond Mhlaba and Govan Mbeki wanted to happen some manner to maintain the memory of Red Location alive so that future coevalss would be able to understand what people had suffered, under apartheid. So in a self-contradictory move, we thought, what better topographic point in Port Elizabeth than to utilize Red Location as the new cultural Centre of the metropolis. You have the site of battle that you so conveying people from different parts of the metropolis, to prosecute in cultural activities, where you have a museum which negotiations about all these different battles of a whole scope of different people. And that is how the whole thought was born, which is a antic manner of believing about spacial transmutation. It truly reaches deep into the manner in which people feel about their universes if you confront them with all these different histories. So that was the purpose that lay behind it and we are now seeking to do that into a concrete world. Could you describe the cardinal thoughts for the Museum and how the histories of Red Location or South Africa were represented in the Memory Boxes? The thought of the memory boxes was bound up with the inquiry of how to do a museum in modern-day South Africa that would be directed towards, a populace that may hold ne'er been into a museum before. How could youre-describe the modern-day museum that would be accessible to a populace that might hold no construct what a museum is? And that’swherethe thought of the memory box came from. It is something that we all know. It is boundup with the thought of stand foring the yesteryear and which goes all the manner back to the Boer War concentration camp.One of the jobs with the concentration cantonments was that while, thirty five 1000 Afrikaner adult females and kids died an equal figure of black adult females and kids besides died in the camps.At the terminal of the Boer War, Emily Hobhouse wanted to do a memorial that would memorialize the agony of adult females and kids in the war. The Afrikaner patriots so, got clasp of that thought and they removed any mention toblack adult females and kids and made the Vrouemonument, which became this powerful symbol in the rise of Afrikaner patriotism. So they efficaciously rewrote history and excluded black adult females and kids in order to fulfill their peculiar nationalist involvement. So I didn’t want the Red Location museum to reiterate the same thing for black people, where the museum would state the narrative of the black people subverting the white people and so it would merely be a narrative about black triumph over white people. Therewere many white voices that had to be heard and there were many adult females that were involved. So I wanted to travel off from the meta-narrative, because when you tell a individual history you exclude excessively much, which is what the Afrikaner patriots did. So the memory box became a manner of interrupting up narrative of history into a series of episodes which are bound up about subjects to make with battle instead than a series of additive events. So it was both a political thought and a spacial thought. The new edifices within the precinct, and peculiarly the Museum, have a really distinguishable architectural linguistic communication. How did the physical and or political context of Red Location give signifier and form to the edifices? There were two things which I thought were of import. Firstly it was 1998 and the whole inquiry of what constituted public architecture and how public edifices be represented in the state was up for inquiry. There was, in a sense a antic chance, for this new beginning of doing new civic architecture and realising that, at that point in clip, the linguistic communication of the civic architecture of the yesteryear would be inappropriate for doing civic edifices of the hereafter. One of the most interesting exercisings of that clip was the Constitutional Court, which truly had to make with a edifice which was a mixture of a whole batch of different things. And, in a manner, one could state that was a really clear representation of the thought that we are a really assorted heterogenous society and that the public edifices we make should reflect that. That was one attack. I took a more political attack and truly wanted to give look to the epic histrions of the trade brotherhoods. In most parts of the universe the saw-tooth roof is seen as a symbol of topographic points where people are exploited and I thought possibly in South Africa there could be a different reading of it-that it could read as a topographic point where the battle was fought and won and that it could be a topographic point imbued with virtuousness. This thought was proved to be effectual in three ways. First that it was a omnipresent signifier found throughout South Africa, it was symbolically associated with trade unionism and thirdly it was an effectual manner of ventilating and conveying visible radiation into the edifices. So for the competition I designed seven or so edifices, and decided that the linguistic communication which would keep the edifices together, would be the thought of conveying visible radiation in through the roof, but the roof signifier would be changed and adjusted to accommodate the programmatic demands of the infinite below. The edifices have an inexplicit relationship to the street, made touchable through the interaction of people with the frontages. Could you elaborate on this? Well the urban scheme was to make an ten, a cross-road, which is the most straightforward signifier of taging an urban infinite. One of the things I didn’t want to make was to make public unfastened infinite, because public infinite has to turn and organize itself over clip, you can’t do it immediately. But it seemed to me that the best public infinite in South Africa is the street and the manner in which life happens along its borders. So what we did at Red Location was to reenforce the thought of street and where we make bigger infinites we merely created indentures in the edifices which come straight off the street. This is nevertheless a comparatively new thought for public edifices in South Africa. The metropolis has for a long clip held the position that all public edifices had to be behind fencings. We confronted them on this and they were good plenty to give us the spell in front. And it has worked. Other than the uneven scratch here or at that place, the edifices have been good looked after by the people. So it seems to be a reasonably good scheme for doing public edifices. For me the most successful move we made was the diagonal cut across the forepart of the museum because people really travel right into the infinite of the museum even though it is outside it still becomes portion of their day-to-day lives. They are really straightforward thoughts, it is non rocket scientific discipline, but we seem to hold lost these things as designers because we make things excessively complicated, we move excessively far off from what is so obvious to us. Then on a smaller graduated table the thought was to line the walls of the edifices with seating, shadiness and trees. One of the loveliest things I have seen take topographic point during summer eventides is outside the archive edifice. The seats that line the wall have a series of visible radiations above them and between them you have small dark infinites and I have seen about eight twosomes sitting in these darker pools, sitting at that place and spooning. This is like, their topographic point where they could acquire together, and I thought, this is merely the best thing that architecture could be-this topographic point where immature people can come to snuggle. The edifices have a house order, made explicit by the usage of the concrete frame. Be it the purpose to do the edifices adaptable or to suit multiple utilizations? That’s a slippery 1. It was ne'er the purpose to do the infinites adaptable or mutable. That said, the museum is really frequently non used as a museum. A batch of the people sing the museum are go toing talks, book launches and even wine tasting. So the museum has become something much more than a museum but has become a Centre for community engagement the place of black intellectuals. So I think if you make infinites that have a strong order and that order has a good proportion I think it can ever accommodate to alterations in usage over clip. I think when you have fragmented infinites, which are strictly shaped by programmatic usage it becomes about impossible to adapt.But built-in in the design of the edifices is an overarching order and a system of proportion that would impart themselves to other utilizations if need be. They can be kicked around, they are robust. What informed the stuff picks? In general footings, when 1 makes a edifice one is ever confronted with a million picks and you have to somehow bound yourself. What seems to do the most sense in making that is to merely utilize what is locally available. The metropolis has a authorization that all public edifices are required to hold a 50 % local labour constituent which meant that we had to plan edifices which were non overly-complex in their devising. We used concrete block which was made by the contractor. The pine is Tsitsikamma pine, which is a really beautiful wood from the nearby Tsitsikamma wood. The other thought is truly a didactic 1. To state to the people who live in Red Location that we must travel off from this thought of sing where you live as a 2nd rate topographic point, but instead that stuffs used in your environment are baronial stuffs and when used decently can truly be used to do rather beautiful things. So it is non about the stuffs itself but how one uses them. And so it empowers people, to gain that if they build out of concrete block and pine they can really do truly nice palisading systems. So it is non about demoing up the sort of poorness but instead working with what is omnipresent to the country and promoting it to give it a signifier of pride and regard. I frequently get asked by co-workers or other designers whether possibly people in Red Location would prefer the edifices to non be made with concrete block, pine and steel sheeting? But I have ne'er thought of it in that manner, so long as they are put together in a pleasing mode. We as in-between category citizens seem to transport those biass more than anyone else. On more micro graduated table there was a sense of seeking to happen a linguistic communication of stuffs that would reflect people’s relationship with them. So the material that people would touch would be made from soft warm stuffs and the material that they didn’t touch would be made out robust stuffs such as concrete, so where people would sit we would utilize lumber and line the walls with rug. So it was reasonably straightforward in that sense. The edifices are truly rather large, could you discourse this? One of the first unfavorable judgment we received about the museum was that it was excessively large and that the graduated table was incorrect. That it didn’t transport a human graduated table. I have ever been rather amused by that thought, because somehow the thought of human graduated table, is something that worlds can make. But it isn’t that. Human graduated table can be present in immense edifices, it is more about accomplishing the right proportions and composing of the parts. One of the jobs with townships is that they have excessively much of one sort of graduated table, there is no alleviation at all from these individual narrative edifices, so the thought of edifice large edifices in a township is great because you so acquire a apposition of graduated tables. But one ever has to convey the graduated table down through the composing of the elements. It is the same thought as a Gothic cathedral, which has a monumental graduated table and as you move closer and closer you see more and more item, until you can finally follow the lineation of a saint which has been carved out of rock, with your fingertips. It is that sort of grading of edifices which we don’t have any longer, which is my job with say the work of Frank Gehry, who I think is a great designer, but his edifices have no graduated table. One could construct them at half the size and it would read in the same manner. I think that comes from the computing machine because the computing machine doesn’t have a graduated table, and that’s a great job we face. Last, you work a batch by manus. What is the significance or importance of this, both in your personal work and for architecture as a whole? I think through the act of pulling. There is nil that the computing machine can make that can replicatethat sense ofcontrol that you have by pulling by manus. Whenyou draw by the manus you connect with your head and your bosom, and it is an action that you can command. It has immediate graduated table, because you have a splanchnic connexion between your manus and your encephalon. So I truly believe it is of import. I think it is get downing to be rediscovered, you see in architectural diaries that are get downing to print tonss of drawings by designers, which is good. It has besides got to make with a lesson I learnt from Pancho Guedes. He taught me that one should ne'er finish a drawing, but instead redraw and redraw and it is through the act of redrawing that the thought becomes more crystalline. I one time found Pancho redrawing a program he had worked on twenty old ages ago, and he was merely seeking to acquire it better and better, and that’s how you learn.

Calligraphy in Islam

Calligraphy is the form of art which denote signs and letters in an expressive form, it’s a form of visual art which was developed in western Europe by monks about 1500 years before. It is a painting which is helps to express emotions through designs and show the intellectual skills of an individual. it is Greek word defined by greek roots Kalli meaning beautiful and attractive and gharphia refers to writing. The aim of this proposal is to discuss the role of calligraphy in islam and different types of calligraphy. Calligraphy is the tongue of the hand, the delight of the conscience, the ambassador of the mind, the inheritor of the thought, the weapon of knowledge, the companion of absent friend, the converser with them over long distances, the depository of secrets, and register of events. † – Ibrahim Ibn Muhammad Ash-Shaybani Many religions have made the use of art to portrait their core doctrine. Islam has used the shapes and sizes of word and letter in calligr aphy which is a paramount form of art for Islamic visual expression and inspiration. It portrait the cultural values of Muslims. The Islamic calligraphy is a hallmark of most muslim societies it stands out with other calligraphic tradition with flexibility and its applicable to any decorative purpose, from the 8th century it became more standardized and bonding with Muslim identity far more firmly than any writing tradition. The tools used by calligrapher are unique which includes reeds and brush pens, scissors, a knife for cutting the pens, an ink pot, and a sharpening tool, The traditional way to hold the pen,† according to Safadi, â€Å"is with middle finger, forefinger, and thumb well spaced out along the (pen's) shaft. Only the lightest possible pressure is applied. † The most admirable reeds were native to the coastal lands of the Persian Gulf. Qalams the most valued objects are stipulated across the entire Muslim world. An accomplished and handy scribe would require different qalams in order to achieve different degrees of fineness. Inks used are of various colors but the ink most used is black and brown, since there acuteness and consistencies can be altered, Many of the calligraphers are provide training on how to prepare ink while other implies that their recipe is a secret. Although techniques differ from one place to another place, most inks were based on soot or lamp-black mixed with water and gum-Arabic. Other ingredients are indigo, minced gall-nuts, and henna. The final stage of preparation involved straining the ink through silk. Also, the ink might be perfumed if desired. There are different kinds of calligraphy restricted to Islam the most common among them is Kufic. It has amalgamation of square and angular lines on one end, and compact bold circular forms on the other. It reached perfection in the late 8 century and became to only script to write Quran for following 300 years. Taliq calligraphy which was developed in Iran in the 10th century created by Hassan Ibn Husayn but due to great improvement by abd-ul-malk its usually affiliated with him. It is written with thick nipped pen with cater corner cuts, it’s a combination of short thin vertical with broad horizontal whose natural length is exaggerated wherever possible and especially at the end of work. Thuluth is medieval Islamic style of handwritten alphabet. It’s written on principium that one third of each letter slopes. It is gigantic and fancy calligraphy script which is often used for titles rather than the long text. The letters are round and maybe written in line so close that the element of letters intersect with each other. Many of its discripence are found on architectural monuments as well as on glass, metalwork, textiles, and wood. Naskh which means â€Å"copying,† is like a run on a mill which was used in ordinary correspondence and the production of literary works. It has a regular appearance. This calligraphic script of Ibn Muqla was escorted to excellence by Ibn Al-Bawwaba, a house decorator who turned his hand to calligraphy. In 10th century it was used for writing the Quran and this art never ended in Persia However, it is Mirza Ahmad Nayrizi, in the early 18th century who is regarded as the last great master of naskh. There were many late development in the Calligraphy. The Safavid dynasty in 1502 produced an eye opening masterpieces of Islamic art. During the era of Shah Isma'il and his successor Shah Tahmasp (1524-1576), the Ta'liq script was invented and developed into a widely used native script which led to the invention of a lighter and more elegant version called Nasta'liq. The word Nasta'liq is a compound word derived from Naskh and Ta'liq The Mughals lived and reigned in India from 1526 to 1858. This dynasty was the greatest, richest, and longest lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. They produced some finest art work in the history. Nasta'liq, Naskh, and Thuluth were adopted by the Muslim calligraphers during this era. The passionate development of calligraphy in India led to the creation of new versions of Naskh and Thuluth. These Mughal scripts are thicker and bolder, the letters are widely spaced, and the curves are more rounded. Calligraphy was extremely appreciated in this era especially when the Taj Mahal was built. One name remains closely associated with It with the superb calligraphic inscriptions displayed in the geometric friezes on the white marble — that is the name of the ingenious calligrapher Amanat Khan, whose real name was Abd ul-Haq. It can be proven that the fact, that the Arabic calligraphy has more strongly associated with Islam than the Arabic language itself. That is, even illiterate people who could not conceive either spoken or written Arabic knew immediately when they were in a Muslim environment when they saw the Arabic script clearly displayed in calligraphy. This rare function of the Islamic calligraphy continues to the present day. Referencing: Sana Naveed. (2006). islamic calligraphy art. Available: http://www.muhammadanart.com/ . Last accessed 17th feb 2011. Islami City. (2005). islamic calligraphy . Available: http://www.islamicity.com/culture/calligraphy/. Last accessed 17th feb 2011. Museum Of Fine Arts. (202009). Introduction: Traces of the Calligrapher. Available: http://sites.asiasociety.org/islamiccalligraphy/introduction-traces-of-the-calligrapher/. Last accessed 17th feb 2011. Mamoon Shakkal. (1993). The Language And The Script. Available: http://www.sakkal.com/ArtArabicCalligraphy.html. Last accessed 17th feb 2011. Wilson, Diana Hardy. (1990). The encyclopedia of calligraphy techniques: Headline. p34-56. Saramago (1995). Manual of painting & calligraph: Carcanet, in association with Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation,. p1-17.

Help for Heroes Merchandise Essays

Help for Heroes Merchandise Essays Help for Heroes Merchandise Paper Help for Heroes Merchandise Paper Help for heroes have 5 different campaigns that have been done , these are; swimming pool complex at Headley court, Relative’s houses at Headly Court and Selly Oak hospital, battle back, troop aid, combat stress and the patients welfare fund. They are a national company based in England only. The Help for Heroes Company are a registered UK charity, but also have a profitable gain, they do exactly what is stated and all donations are given to the charity. But they also sell Help for Heroes merchandise such as wristbands etc. these go towards the running cost of the company and to the owners. The donation that Help for Heroes have received since October 2007 is  £105.377M. Help for Heroes have about 250 employees worldwide Help for Heroes is a tertiary business and the purpose of the business is to help wounded service men and women through donations and fundraising, the ownership of Help for Heroes is a partnership, owned by Bryn Parry and Emma Parry. The mission statement for Help for Heroes is ‘Help for Heroes supports any serviceman or woman who has been either wounded in conflict or injured in training since 2001. We are raising millions of pounds to create facilities to help their rehabilitation and support existing service charities to deliver the expertise needed.’ Help for Heroes have an unlimited liability, this mean if they were to go into debt, they could lose more money than was put into the business. Topshop is a British clothes retailer, it is known worldwide. Topshop is a part of the Arcadia group which is a group that owns a lot of different retail outlets. Topshop was founded in 1964 by ‘Peter Robinson’s Ltd.’ Topshop has physical and online stores in over 20 countries. They employ over 200+ employees each year. They are an International company with flagship stores in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East. The Topshop in Oxford Street is the world’s largest fashion store it is roughly about 90,000 square feet and covers five floors, it attracts 30,000 customers a day. Topshop is a tertiary company; the purpose of the business is to sell fashionable clothes and accessories to the younger age group (15-25). Topshop is a company owned by the Arcadia group so it’s a PLC.

How has Globalization shaped Energy Systems in Emerging Economies and Essay

How has Globalization shaped Energy Systems in Emerging Economies and the Global South Illustrate your answer in reference to y - Essay Example History Though no consensus exists in the emergence of globalization, many historians, and social scientists have come up with different views of globalization history (Lule, 2012:22). Nevertheless, the majority of these scholars agree that globalization emerged during the first movement of people out of Africa into other parts of the world (Young and Kent, 2013:443). This is the case because the immigration caused interaction, exchange, and adaptation of customs, ideas, and products. The term globalization emerged in the 1960s, but it first appeared in the Merriam website dictionary in 1944.The term later became popular in the 1990s and the first article containing globalization content became published in 1983. Definition A general definition that befits globalization is that it is a process, which encompasses several aspects like route, origin, and outcomes of both intercultural and international combinations involving human and non-human activities. However, there still lies a he ated debate on the real definition of globalization. Diverse authors’ argue that globalization cannot undergo definitions; neither can it be encompassed within a set period simply because it is not a single concept. This means that globalization involves and encompasses vast aspects like economic incorporation, transmission of knowledge, inter-border transfer of policies, cultural stability, and discourse of power among many others. Therefore, globalization covers a multitude of disciplines, cultures and communities, which allows a range of viewpoints. This has resulted to various definitions from vast scholars who base their interpretation on the background of different disciplines. For instance, peter dicken argues on the economic perspective by claiming that globalization is an intricate and advanced form of internationalization that fosters a level of functional incorporation between internationally dispersed economic activities (Anderson, 2000:6-7). Other authors chip in and argue on cultural basis where he suggests that globalization is another image that influences cultural forms and patterns as well as drawing attention to the union of cultural styles as western forms of consumption that spreads all over the globe. Additionally, Amin and Thrift 1997, add up political definition by arguing that globalization is essentially about changes in the way the world performs its governance (Hennis, 2005:14). Another definition emerges from sociology whereby Robertson 1992 claims that globalization is a process where the constraints of geography on cultural and social arrangements withdraw, and that it's also a process where people become increasingly aware that they are withdrawing or receding (Robertson, 1992:10). Nevertheless, in spite of the vast globalization definitions offered by different authors, globalization is inherently geographical in its scope and impacts because it the physical expansion of the geographical domain of the globe, which means that it is an increase in scale and volume of global flows. How Globalization shaped Energy Systems in South Africa South African energy overview Before analyzing the impact of globalization in South Africa’s energy system, it is crucial to review the country's energy system. South Africa is among the largest and most developed countries in Africa. It also has

Unconventional Monetary Policies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Unconventional Monetary Policies - Term Paper Example Recent studies have had an approach that is more formal as they show significant impacts of the yield curve commitment effect while employing different methodologies. Significant commitments imply that such markets expect its rates to remain very low for a period of at least a year. Different nations have adapted different policies in relation to the unconventional monetary policy. Historical Evidence The balance sheets of different banks on policies before the financial crisis were in such a manner that they did not aim at influencing the respective banks macroeconomic conditions. For example, the quantitative easing of the Bank of Japan has been considered as being ineffective at the zero lower experienced from 2001 as the central bank sheets were on the global financial crisis and monetary policy shifts that were exogenous similar to the commodity prices conditioning importance as an indicator used in conventional monetary policy identification. A shock monetary policy that is exp ansionary results in both temporary and significant rise in prices and output, the increase turning out to be robust to several model specifications perturbations. The impact of the unconventional monetary policies on price level in the past has been observed as to weaker and less persistent. Results from central bank balance sheets of different countries including Japan, UK and the United States show that panel estimates fail to obscure significantly across the heterogeneity of different countries. More specifically, there are no major observable differences across different nations in relation to the effects of macroeconomic shocks to the balance sheets of different central banks... The balance sheets of different banks on policies before the financial crisis were in such a manner that they did not aim at influencing the respective bank's macroeconomic conditions. For example, the quantitative easing of the Bank of Japan has been considered as being ineffective at the zero lower experienced from 2001 as the central bank sheets were on the global financial crisis and monetary policy shifts that were exogenous similar to the commodity prices conditioning importance as an indicator used in conventional monetary policy identification. A shock monetary policy that is expansionary results in both temporary and significant rise in prices and output.The impact of the unconventional monetary policies on the price level in the past has been observed as to weaker and less persistent. Results from central bank balance sheets of different countries including Japan, UK, and the United States show that panel estimates fail to obscure significantly across the heterogeneity of d ifferent countries. More specifically, there are no major observable differences across different nations in relation to the effects of macroeconomic shocks on the balance sheets of different central banks regardless of the several varying measures employed by different countries in an effort to deal with the economic crisis.Quantitative easing has been observed to positively affect interest rates and economic activities. It has also been identified as to greatly affect the commitment level of different nations.

Toyota Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Case Study - Assignment Example This may be seen as one of the key models for Toyota to consider in recognising the need for change, here the case study points to an organisation which is relatively closed, the company losing touch with its customer base and management team focusing upon internal interactions and change initiatives. Adoption of the open systems model for viewing an organisation may allow the company to concentrate to a greater extent upon the needs of its customers, rather than focusing upon internally hard systems issues. 2.0 Recommendations for Change Having analysed the case study and conducted the relevant situational analysis, it would appear that Toyota suffers from a number of major issues. The single two biggest issues which the company may be seen as facing are poor internal communications and a disconnect between the company and its customers in the market. Such issues have lead to poor product quality in recent years and the failure to develop new products which have a clear demand in so me local markets. In considering how Toyota is to overcome these problems, the report recommends a program of radical hard systems restructuring. Here Toyota should consider adopting a regionally based business model and move away from the current centralised model operated from Japan. The benefits of implementing such a change initiative would be that Toyota would be closer to its customers both geographically and from a communications perspective (Griffin and Pustay 2009). This would allow the company to develop products which are suited to localised needs, rather than developing a set of international products which are designed to appeal to a global market. In addition, Toyota would also be able to detect any problems within a local market in a much shorter space of time, than where communications as at present have to filter back to the head office in Japan. As such, the recommendation of this report is that Toyota should set up one head office function in each key national mar ket, each to be run as a separate strategic business unit. In making the changes, the researcher recommends that Lewin’s (1957) three stage model of change should be used. Here the model advocates three stages, namely â€Å"unfreeze† â€Å"move† and â€Å"Freeze.† In short, the unfreeze stage represents a preparatory stage in which members of the organisation are encouraged to both see the need for change and then move towards the planning required at the implementation stage. The move stage represents the actual implementation stage of a change initiative, finally the freeze stage represents a consolidation stage in which managers ensure changes to processes and practises are embedded in the organisation and old ways of working are not slipped back into. While Lewin’s (1957) three stages of change is a widely accepted model, it is not the only model which Toyota may consider. Another similar model is that of Kotter’s (1996) eight stage mode l for creating change which includes: Establishing a sense of urgency Creating a guiding coalition Developing a vision and strategy Communicating the change vision Empowering employees for broad based action Generating short term wins Consolidating gains Anchoring new approaches

Bosnian war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Bosnian war - Research Paper Example General MacArthur was supposedly larger-than-life, outspoken, talented and egoistic, and he often courted controversy. (History). One of his trademarks was the corncob pipe he smoked, which was custom made by ‘The Missouri Meerschaum Company’, which continues to manufacture the pipes in his honor. He graduated from the US Military Academy at the top of his class in 1903. (Biography). He was the intense American military pioneer who saved the Pacific, yet Freda Bender says General Douglas Macarthur had an astounding delicate side outside the war room. (Cardy). At the age of 21, Mrs. Bender, now 90 and living in Middle Swan, was present on the inside of Australias wartime fight for survival at Royal Australian Air Force Command in Brisbane. Hilton Hotel was additionally General Macarthurs military central command after his retreat from the Philippines. Anyway rather than the blunt general she thought she was going to meet, Mrs. Bender said he was a well disposed and consid erate man, who was polite to ladies. (Cardy). ``Hed always go back and let us go in the lift first,† she said when she was asked what she recollected most of him. â€Å"And he would always talk to you, not that I had any real power we were only little WAAAFs (Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force personnel) but he would always say good morning or hello. He was a very pleasant man.† (Cardy) Said Mrs. Bender, who was an administrative collaborator, said the base was buzzing throughout the war. Furthermore notwithstanding every day security drills and an approaching risk of intrusion, life proceeded as typical as could be expected under the circumstances. â€Å"We couldnt take it (the war) in† she said Its now, looking back, that I realize how close we came to being invaded. General Douglas MacArthur, despite his stature as a ruthless and bloody warrior and a War Hero, was surprisingly a soft spoken man with kindness in

Historical Perspectives In Kinesiology

Historical Perspectives In Kinesiology Why We Study Kinesiology. As one of the most innovative and exciting areas in the health care field, muscle testing through kinesiology has given professionals feedback tools to identify multiple aspects of human movement ranging from injury cause and rehabilitation to sports performance. Just think for a moment about how bicycle designs or helmets have changed in the past 10-20 years. Much is this is due to the study of kinesiology. To comprehensively understand human movement, we must approach the topic from a comprehensive point of view which means a physiological, biomechanical, psychological, and sociological perspective. However, in studying kinesiology not only will you begin to understand how and why we move, but gain knowledge on how we can optimize the human potential for movement and skilled performance, the use of different materials and fabrics, and the role of body balance for overall movement health. Kinesiology is a way of studying human movement from two perspectives; theoretical and applied. Each day we accomplish a variety of skills and tasks by calling on a vast array of motor skills. We drive cars, ride bicycles, paint houses, and type of keyboards. All of these skills are studied within the field of kinesiology. Tools are designed and redesigned, hockey sticks are made from new materials, cars are redesigned with more aerodynamics, and your armchair is home if more ergonomically built. To do any and all of these things we must consider the body and how it moves. Unconsciously, we select the muscles which are going to be most effective for the task at hand. The more we are able to recruit muscle groups, the more effective and stronger we become at performing that skill and movement. Moreover, the kinesiology repertoire is not limited to sports and human activities. The field covers everywhere from the study of movement to the anatomical aspects of humans and athletes, and b ecause biomechanics affects all aspects of our daily function, the field of study extends far beyond sports performance. This book focuses on human biomechanics which focuses mainly on humans involved in movement, sports and exercise. We might define sports and exercise biomechanics as the study of forces and their effects on humans in exercise and sport. As we have defined previously, kinesiology is the study of human movement. Kinesiology is the study referring to the whole area of human movement Included in this field is the study of biomechanics, or the study of motion. Kinesiology and Sports Biomechanics overlap to provide you with the knowledge you need to understand the mechanical aspects involved in everyday movements and also the techniques of sports. In both situations, similar questions arise, such as; why is this technique working better than the other ones I have tried? and Would my performance be enhanced if I fine-tuned a certain skill? Studying kinesiology will also allow you to know how and where to find answers to these questions. And in answering these questions you will be using biomechanics to improve your performance both in everyday life and perhaps more directly, your athletic skills and ability. An example of some questions the knowledgeable biomechanist might answer include the following: What is the safest way to lift and move this heavy object? What movement is the most economical? And is it possible to judge this based on visual observation? At what distance should a ball be thrown for maximum power? What change in body mechanics can be made to increase stability in the elderly? What allows some individuals to carry out a specific task while others are unable to perform the very same task? These questions provide a foundation for indentifying, analyzing and solving problems related to human movement. Regardless of the questions asked, investigations and experiments in the kinesiology and biomechanics field are leading us to design products and address problems in everyday life and sports. However, kinesiology is by no means a modern day science. Mechanics and forces in human work have long been studied in many walks of life ranging from transport, to battles to buildings. This is quite evident historically if you consider structures like the Pyramids, the great castles of medieval times, carts and horses for travel and of course bicycles. Therefore, history is rich with individual contributions to this field. I think you will be surprised to see of the great names of artists, designers, and craftsmen who have made instrumental contributions to the field and are therefore part of the great collection of kinesiologists in history. Understanding the Historical Development and Contributions in Kinesiology Kinesiology is a combination of the Greek word kinein (to move) and logos (discourse). Its long history spans the lives of Archimedes (287-212 BC), Galen (131-201 AD, deemed the father of sports medicine), Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Newton, on up to modern times and Dr. George Goodhart, who brought into our language the concept of Applied Kinesiology in 1964. Kinesiology is regarded as both an art form and a science; it is regarded as a science because it has rules, methods, principles and logical techniques while it also involves intuitions, feelings and practice which also make it an art form. Within the history of kinesiology much of the context consists of the history of sport biomechanics. The origin of kinesiology was first used in the 19th century, but it wasnt until the 1960s that biomechanics evolved as a more structured discipline and became popular. However, as aforementioned, the origins of kinesiology can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Roman Times and the gladiators and chariot races. One of the earliest works of exercise and sport biomechanics appeared in 1912 in The Baseball Magazine. This article described a study analyzing the pitching speed of a professional pitcher by the name of Walter Johnson. Following the publication of this article, the field and research of sport biomechanics truly began and a host of other studies in sports such as swimming, cycling and track and field began to appear. The start of the 1930s introduced the use of video cameras in filming and analyzing skills of sport. With the use of this technology, biomechanists were able to slow down the activity and look more intently at the athletes techniques and therefore, could more specifically make the necessary adjustments to positively enhance the performance. A perusal through the history books will show a noticeable improvement in world records for many sports in the 1950s-1960s. The technology that was developed for World War II soon carried over into other disciplines, and sports was o ne of these areas. It wasnt until the 1960s that the actual term and involvement in biomechanics research really started to become popular. In this decade came the introduction of the first Biomechanics seminar with the beginning of newly published Biomechanics Journals published and presented at these conferences. In the 1970s and 1980s, many biomechanics organizations were formed and there was an increase in the number of publications of sport biomechanics journals. The field of study has continued to increase rapidly over the past few decades. However, while great strides have been in recent decades, much foundation work was already laid. It is important to note and recognize these individuals who made marked contributions to the field. Not only is it important to recognize these accomplishments but also to put into context the rich history of kinesiology. Great Kinesiologists in History Aristotle (384-322 BC) Aristotle is known as The Father of Kinesiology. In fact, he is pretty much considered the first biomechanist. He was the first to describe the actions of muscles in his first book on the Parts of Animals, Movement of Animals, and Progression of Animals. He was the first to subject animals to geometric analysis and then document their findings. He viewed animal bodies as mechanical systems and researched the physiological differences between imagining the performance of an action and actually carrying out that same action. Furthermore, he described the various conditions and problems of moving and pushing a boat; which was a precursor to Newtons Laws of Motion. It was Aristotle, who also was the first to describe and analyze the movements of walking, explaining the transformation of a rotary movement to translatory movements. These describe the general motions of the body from an initial position to a final position. The rotary movement consists of one point of a bone remaining stati onary with all other anatomical points tracing an arc or circle around this stable point. Translatory motion, or pure linear, motion is the movement of an entire object occurring at all points on that particular object and includes all points moving the same distance. With the introduction of basic studies focusing on both animal and human biomechanics, Aristotle raised the importance and application of biomechanics to the musculoskeletal system and has led us to a better understanding of both joint function and dysfunction, resulting in design improvements in human motion structure and performance. Archimedes (287-212 BC) Following Aristotle was another renowned Greek scientist. Archimedes (287-212 BC) discovered hydrostatic principles governing floating bodies, which are widely applied today in all areas of aquatics, especially swimming. Archimedes also investigated the laws of leverage and determination of the center of gravity and buoyancy. In physics, buoyancy is the upward force on an object produced by the surrounding fluid in which it is partially immersed, due to the pressure difference of the fluid between the top and bottom of the object. In his treatise On Floating Bodies, Archimedes writes about the hydrostatic principle, or the Archimedes Principle, as it is more commonly known. This principle states that the body when immersed in a fluid will experience a buoyancy force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. In other words, when a body is partially or fully immersed into a fluid (i.e. a liquid or a gas), then it will experience that upward buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. Although Archimedes didnt invent the lever, he wrote one of the earliest known explanations of the principle involved, and he did design the standard block and pulley system which allowed the use of the principle of leverage to lift objects that would have been too heavy to move. In the first part of his treatise, On Floating Bodies, Archimedes describes his law of equilibrium of fluids and demonstrates that water will in fact adapt to a spherical form around a center of gravity. It has been said to be an early attempt to explain the theory that the Earth is round. In his second volume On the Equilibrium of Planes, Archimedes stated his Law of the Lever. In this Law he explains that Equal weights at equal distances are in equilibrium, and equal weights at unequal distances are not in equilibrium but incline towards the weight which is at the greatest distance. It was with the use of these principles that he derived to calculate the centers of gravity of various geometric figures. His contributions continue to guide modern day mechanics and the study of levers. Research Note: EUREKA! I have found it. This term is most famously attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes; he reportedly proclaimed, Eureka! when he stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. This meant that the volume of irregular objects could be calculated with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his realization that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran through the streets of Syracuse naked. The story goes that a king at the time, Hiero II of Syracuse, wanted a gold crown but didnt trust the goldsmith to use 100% gold. He needed a way of checking whether or not the crown was indeed all gold. Archimedes insight led to the solution of a problem posed by Hiero of Syracuse, on how to assess the purity of an irregular golden crown. Equipment for weighing objects already existed, and now that Archimedes could also measure volume, their ratio would give the objects density, an important indicator of purity. Archimedes was able to determine how much water should be displaced for a crown made of gold for a given size and weight. The crown was designed as a gift to the gods in the shape of a wreath and therefore could not be disturbed. Archimedes ultimately concluded that the goldsmith had substituted some gold with silver in making the crown. Galen (131-201 BC) Galen, a Roman citizen, is widely considered to be the first team physician in history. His essay De Motu Musculorum is the first textbook on kinesiology. In this book he distinguished the difference between motor and sensory nerves, described agonist and antagonist muscle relationships, described tonus, and introduced terms diarthrosis and synarthrosis. Galen believed and taught that the contractions of muscles are a result of the passing of animal spirits from the brain through the nerves of the muscles. Some writers suggest that along with Galen being the first author of a textbook on kinesiology that he also is considered as the father of sports medicine. Da Vinci (1452-1519 AD) We all know of Leonardo Da Vinci for his great works of art. But his contributions in the field of kinesiology are also noteworthy. Following the works of Galen, kinesiology and biomechanics lay pretty much untouched until the 15th century when Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519 AD) advanced our knowledge further. As an artist, engineer and scientist, he was mainly interested in the structure of the human body as it relates to performance, center of gravity and the balance and center of resistance. Da Vinci was the first to record scientific data on the human gait. He used letters to identify muscles and nerves in the human body that he would retrieve from graveyards in the middle of the night. In his collection of human gait data, he described the mechanics of the body during standing, walking uphill and downhill, rising from a sitting position, and jumping. In order to demonstrate the progression action and interaction of various muscles during movement, he developed theories on the func tional anatomy by attaching cords to a skeleton at the origin and insertion points of the muscles. His theories and teachings remain commonplace and true to this day. Galileo (1564-1643 AD) Galileo followed Da Vinci, and was the first to propose the Law or Inertia, or what is better known as Newtons First Law. His theoretical and experimental work on the bodies of motion was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton. Galileos Principle of Inertia stated: A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed. It was this principle that was later incorporated into Newtons laws of motion. The basic framework for Newtons laws of motion also came from Galileos basic principle of relativity, in which he stated that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. Galileo was also very well recognized as the founder of classical mechanics and the applications of variables such as space, time and velocity. He determined the correct mathematical law for acceleration: the total distance covered (starting from rest) is proportional to the square of the time. Galileo also concluded that objects will retain their velocity unless a force or friction acts upon them. Galileo was a little contraindicated in his thinking and strongly defended heliocentrism; the belief that the sun is at the center of the solar system. Because of his belief in this theory, he claimed it was not contrary to the Scripture passages, and in 1616 he traveled to Rome to try and persuade the Catholic Church authorities not to ban and criticize his ideas. Galileo forged on and in 1632 published his book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. As a result Galileo lost much support and became alienated and admonished by the church. Rome supported by one of its biggest and most powerful defenders, Pope Paul V, put Galileo on trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. As a result Galileo spent the remainder of his life under house arrest albeit back in his home near Florence. It was during this time that he dedicated his time to one of his greatest works, Two New Sciences. In these writings he summarized on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. The book received great praise from Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein in later years. As a result of this work Galileo is often referred to as the father of modern physics. As an interesting side note, by the time Galileo started to write his new sciences text he was blind! Borelli (1608-1679 AD) Giovanni Borelli was a Renaissance Italian physiologist, physicist and mathematician. As a student of Galileo he contributed to the modern principle of scientific investigation through continuing the testing of hypotheses against observation. His largest achievements are those specifically related to his investigation into biomechanics. His studies originated with the biomechanics of animals. Borelli was the author of De Motu Animalium I and II, although he did not live to see the publication of this work. Borelli first suggested that muscles do not exercise vital movement otherwise than by contracting. And he was also the first to deny corpuscular influence on the movements of muscles. He demonstrated this by using scientific experiments to show that living muscle do not release corpuscles into water when cut. He also discovered that forward motion requires movement of the bodys center of gravity, with a swinging of the limbs in order to maintain ones balance. Since it seems that everyone gets a title, Borelli is labeled as the father of modern biomechanics. Newton (1642-1727 AD) Newton was/is arguably the most influential scientist in history. Newton published one of the most influential and original pieces of scientific hypotheses called Principia Mathematica Philosophae Naturalis. Published in 1686, it is a three-volume work containing the statements of Newtons laws of motion. His three laws comprise the foundation for modern dynamics, which express the relationships between the interaction of forces and their outcomes. Newtons laws can be summarized as follows: Law of Inertia: Every body continues in its state of rest or motion, in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by interacting forces impressed upon it (originally proposed by Galileo). Law of Momentum (Force = Mass x Acceleration): The change of motion is proportional to the motivational force applied and occurs in the direction of the right line in which that force is applied. Law of Interaction: For every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The application of these three laws can be best demonstrated using an example of the mechanics of a discus thrower. While the thrower is pivoting, he must grasp the disc firmly (exert centripetal force) to prevent it from flying out of his hand. In accordance with the third law, the discus exerts an equal and opposite reaction (centrifugal force). When the discus thrower releases his grip the centripetal force no longer interacts with the discus and the object flies in a direct line similar to its former circular path. The distance that the discus covers is proportionate to the motive force placed upon it, in accordance with the second law. The trajectory of the discus is affected by gravity, wind, velocity, and other forces that may alter its state of motion, as stated by the first law. According to Newton, changes of motion are generally considered as a measure of the force that produces them. This is where the idea of measuring force by the product of mass and acceleration originated from. So, therefore, the greater the speed in which the discus thrower spins, the greater the acceleration that will be applied to the mass of the discus, and therefore the farther it will fly before gravity returns it back to earth, and the greater the force to have been applied to the discus. Hunter (1728-1793 AD) John Hunter was instrumental in summarizing the current state of knowledge in the field at that time. His lecture series summarized all that was known about kinesiology at the end of the 18th century, emphasizing that muscular function could be studied only by observations of living person. In these lecture series Hunter defined muscular function in major detail, including the origin and insertion and shapes of muscles, two-joint muscle problems, contraction and relaxation, strength, hypertrophy, the mechanical arrangement of muscle fibers along with many other aspects of the study. Hunter declared that muscle, while endowed with life, is fitted for self-motion, and is the only part of the body so fitted. Thus we can see a rich and detailed history of big names exists that have played a role in our field of study. Their contributions laid the foundations for early study and advancement. All in all knowledge progressed slowly for a long time and it wasnt until advances in measurement technology such as cameras and computers that more large and innovative steps were made. Recent Advancements in Research Research in the field of kinesiology and sport biomechanics has steadily increased throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. This increase in popularity is due in large part to the ease of data collection and analysis of films and video cameras by way of the evolution of modernizing digital cameras. Of course the creation of computers has been monumental. In the past two decades research in exercise and sports science and mechanics has been much more thoroughly covered. All kinds of movements, both sporting and non-sporting, have been recorded, digitized, analyzsed, and as a result new forms of movement have evolved. All made possible by the camera. Pioneer Cinematographers Today, many Kinesiologists use cinematography to record sports and exercise movements that need to be reviewed and analyzed. This allows them to break down the biomechanics of the motion and therefore make the necessary changes to improve the athletes performance. Cinematography is from the Greek words kinesis (movement) and grapho (to record). Modern technology literally allows the collection of thousands of data points within seconds providing volumes of information on very specific phases of movement. Muybridge (1831-1904 AD) Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer who was well known for his early use of cameras to capture motion, particularly in horses and horse racing which was very popular at the time. Advancement of knowledge concerning body mechanics was greatly advanced by Muybridges works using serial photography. Using cinematographic pictures to study human motion was highly recommended by an astronomer who had once used serial photos for other research studies. Although recommended to use photography to study human movement, Muybridges passion was in horses. In 1882 Muybridge produced the book The Horse in Motion and in 1887 he wrote Animal Locomotion in eleven volumes, in which several of his photographic sequences were published. Muybridges work and photographs projected images allowing everyone to see real stances in real movements. His work and photography provided the first insights into specific phase of movement. Marey (1830-1904 AD) Etienne-Jules Marey is widely considered to be a pioneer of photography. It was through his photographs that he studied the movement of the body. He was convinced that movement was the most important of human functions and that all other functions were merely support in order to accomplish a specific movement. He described and photographed these methods for his research and work which he recorded in his books Du Mouvement Dans Les Fonctions de La Vie and Le Mouvement in 1894. These photographic techniques opened way for further experimental studies and are still considered a major importance in the study of human gait. Mareys work also revolutionized aspects of medicine, particularly cardiology, where his photography was used to show the movement of blood. This knowledge was ultimately developed into chronophotography. What is interesting that Marey (a Frenchman) and Muybridge (an Englishman) benefited a lot from each others work as there own obsessions set about to confirm that each other was indeed correct with their theories. When Marey published La Machine Animale in 1873 (translated as Animal Mechanism) Muybridge carried out his Photographic Investigation in Palo Alto, California, to test Mareys hypotheses and ultimately proved that Marey was right when he wrote that a galloping horse for a brief moment had all four hooves off the ground thus settling a dispute between walking and running or more correctly cantering and galloping. Muybridge published his photos in 1879 with some public attention. Understanding the Importance of Kinesiology in Everyday Life Today there are many different forms of specialized Kinesiology and more are being introduced as new more specific areas of study evolve. From a biomechanical perspective, we take on ambitious tasks daily that require strength, force, balance and discipline in addition to many other mechanical functions of the body. With the vast array of daily movements people need help in improving human movement. Kinesiology requires the knowledge of why and how the human body moves. It is an important science in solving the problems of human movement and the skills necessary to perform the movements effectively and safely. The Equipment Design Revolution There is hardly an area of sports or exercise that has not been affected by the combination field of kinesiology and materials. In fact, you can now study this area of sports equipment design as a university degree. One could argue that no matter what area of sport and exercise you select new materials and kinesiological studies have changed the game. Consider the following: Safety helmets have benefited from new plastics. Protective padding is better with new foams and lighter plastics. Bicycles are lighter and stronger with new carbons. Tennis rackets are lighter and more powerful with carbon and titanium (as are golf clubs). Safety straps use Velcro. Lighter metals make up components on bats, bikes and skis. New rubbers and plastics are used in new playing surfaces. Running shoes are lighter, breathe more and more elastic. Balls spin more, have more grip, and come in many colors. We could continue with this list for a long time constantly identifying areas of improvement both in performance and safety. More people can now participate in sports because new equipment has made is safer and easier. For example, consider new shaped skis (photo) that have made it easier to turn and stop on difficult terrain. We have oversized golf clubs that allow us to hit the ball straighter and further. No area is left unaffected. Even more remarkable is that kinesiology and materials study has made it possible to people with no legs or arms to run, jump and play racquet sports. Research Note: The Olympic Games in 1896 were for able-bodied athletes. The Paralympics began in 1948 when Sir Ludwig Guttman organized a sports event for WWII veterans who had a spinal cord injury. The first competition was in Stoke, England. Four years later the Dutch joined in and the movement began. At the Rome Olympics in 1960 the movement expanded to include other disabilities and was called the Paralympics. In 1976, the first Paralympic winter games took place in Sweden. In 2008 in Beijing, over 4000 Paralympians competed. Many of their performances have been made possible by our field of study. So not only are humans with no legs running, in some cases they are outperforming able-bodied athletes. In 1992, Joe Gaetani, a paraplegic, set new world records in 100m (12.23 secs) and 200m (26.82 secs) in the Paralympics. Gaetanis legs were made from a new composite material of carbon fiber and epoxy pylon. The flexibility and weight of these materials is far superior to traditional wood or metal. At the same games Tony Volpentest won gold in the 100m and 200m even though hew was born with no feet. Of course much of the advancement in materials has come from the engineering field and then gets translated and applied into the sports field by kinesiologists. However, it is the overall collaborative effort that allows for these impressive advances. There is perhaps no area that has benefited more than athlete safety. Improving Safety If you have ever watched an old football movie you will remember that the helmets were made of leather. Old cycling helmets were made from foam and rubber. There was no molding for correct fit. Mouthguards are now custom fitted, as are lenses, ski boots, skates, etc. All these design features improve participant safety and comfort. Equipment can now be designed to not only fit better by considering body dimensions but also perform and protect better under stress. Shoulder pads flex and move like shoulders; football pants have padding in specific locations; shin guards can cover the knee and allow flexion, etc. The field of kinesiology has been instrumental in the design and assessment of these advances, allowing for both greater comfort and safety. Thus it is easier to understand that a student in this field has limitless options to apply their skills. Consider this: anytime someone builds a product you wear, sit in or ride on, you must consider body anthropometrics. Thus our knowled ge and skills are widely applied. Sample Problem Solving in Kinesiology In problem solving approaches to kinesiology and biomechanics, the desired relies on proper decision making to allow for comfort and safety as the outcome. This approach to good decision making includes one that is efficient, systematic and structured. If one can define part of the problem in biomechanical terms, one could better describe the outcome of the movement and therefore increase the positive outcome of their performance. Look at the following questions that all ask relevant questions you might be asked to answer. How can an athletic shoe be designed to reduce injuries on artificial turf? How do forces summate to produce maximum power in a golf swing? What is the best anatomical posture for sprinter running the 400 meter dash? What is the best body position for swimming the breaststroke? At what angle should a discus or javelin be thrown to achieve maximum distance? What is the best shape for an aerodynamic helmet to reduce drag? These are all examples of questions that relate to the kinematic characteristics of pure human movement and the mechanics involved. As we have already identified kinematics spans both quantitative and qualitative types of analysis. Quite often your problem solving ability will require the application of both quantitative and qualitati