Essay about Gender Differences in Sports - 2280 Words

Perfectionism has been defined as a belief; it is something that sociologically and by definition is unattainable. People strive to be perfect everyday and come to believe that any work that is anything less than perfect is unacceptable. Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990) define perfectionism as the setting of excessively high standards of performance in conjunction with a tendency to make overly critical self-evaluations. According to psychologist Don E. Hamachek perfectionism is considered on some levels as an unhealthy compulsive behavior. Perfectionism is also considered a stable pattern of thinking and behavior that changes relatively little over time. This has contributed to the designation of perfectionism as a positive†¦show more content†¦Maladaptive perfectionism, on the other hand, describes the tendency to set excessively high standards, be overly self-critical, and be extensively influenced by the approval of significant others, such as parents, teache rs, and sports coaches. It is important for us to determine the forms of maladaptive perfectionism because it has been understudied throughout the years due to the psychological aspects of the study. Individuals who are characterized as maladaptive perfectionists tend to exhibit exaggerated expectations, have a high fear of failure, and are less capable of coping reasonably with challenging situations. Maladaptive perfectionists can also be associated with causing depression, intense worry, persistent self-doubt, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Combinations of behaviors and personalities of maladaptive perfectionists’ athletes resulted in their physical and mental burn out. It is not surprising that perfectionism has been traditionally perceived as negative, or also referred to as undesirable, abnormal, neurotic, maladaptive or dysfunctional (Anshel Mansouri, 2005; Blatt, 1995; Hamachek, 1978; Suddarth Slaney, 2001; Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, 1995). Maladaptive perfect ionism is instrumental in a variety of psychopathologies and adjustment problems (Flett, Sawatzsy, Hewitt, 1995). Some of these problems have hadShow MoreRelatedGender Differences In A Market With Relative Performance Feedback Analysis1014 Words   |  5 PagesWozniak, David. Gender Differences in a Market with Relative Performance Feedback: Professional Tennis Players. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, vol. 83, no. 1, June 2012, pp. 158-171. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.020. â€Å"Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: Professional tennis players† by David Wozniak makes the argument that with new research and analytics, women tend to be less competitive than men, shown through professional tennis playersRead MoreThe Ways Gender Difference Is A Basis For Inequality974 Words   |  4 Pagesways gender difference is a basis for inequality in contemporary society? Gender refers to the socially constructed categories of feminine and masculine. It is one of the major factors in social difference and inequality in today’s society. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles. Using a paragraph based approach I intend to individually analyse various aspects of gender differencesRead MoreSocial Inequality : A Part Of Sports1080 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Social inequality is a part of many issues other than sports, but it is a part of sports to do several issues such as gender roles, salary and stereotypes. The Significance: The significance of this topic of inequality in sports is that it does not just occur in sports. It happens all around us, you see social inequality happening at work places, schools, restaurants and many other places. Many people don’t see if because they don’t know what it is. Population: Many people think it onlyRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports And Women s Professional Level Of Sport1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in Sports Across the world, society holds men and women to different standards. There are precise gender roles and stereotypes that are well established. In the western world, women are supposed to be nurturers, cleaners, and the chef. Whereas men are perceived as strong, independent, and athletic. When these social norms are broken, it is not uncommon for specific labels to be given, such as being called a lesbian. Over the past few centuries, these stereotypes and gender rolesRead MoreThe Psychological Differences between Men and Women in Sports1565 Words   |  7 Pagesways. Some of these differences include competitiveness, goal orientation, self-confidence, motivation, mental toughness, incentives, preferences, etc. According to Anne Bowker in Sports Participation and Self-Esteem, Men have an advantage over women in sports because theyre more aggressive and have higher self-esteem (2003). There has always been that stereotype of boys being more athletic than girls. The gender segregation of sports reflects more than just physical differences between men and womenRead MoreGender Portrayal Of Rock Climbing Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pageshow gender is portrayed in rock climbing. I would like to find out if genders are sexualized, objectified or shown differently. I would also like to see if there is any transgender or transsexual representation in the sport of rock climbing. Transgender is an umbrella term for a range of people who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender (Ravelli, Webber, 2016), and a transsexual person is someone who undergoes sex reassignment (Ravelli, Webber, 2016). I am defining gender as: socialRead MoreComparing Basketball And The Basketball Association826 Words   |  4 PagesBasketball is one of the most popular sports played and watched nationwide and global. Shooting, dribbling, crossing someone up, and even dunking has cau ght the eye of many people around the world. Many basketball players start at young age playing at a local recreation or YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) to build their skills and IQ of the game. This sport also consists of two genders: male and female. One of the top associations in American sports today is The National Basketball AssociationRead More How the Introduction of the Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects t1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects that Individual and the Sport Itself A high school age boy makes the papers when he joins the girls varsity field hockey team at his high school. A woman is judged according to femininity rather than muscle mass in a body building competition. An African American is thought inferior to his white counterparts on the sports field. A woman is discouraged from playing contact sports under the pretext of being too delicateRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed how the differences in the social construction of gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. This paper examines gender inequality and how the social construction of gender makes it difficultRead MoreThe International Women s Media Foundation1500 Words   |  6 PagesCOPING SKILLS Due to the interest participants had in participating in sports, they found a way of coping with stereotypes. An example is given by Adams and Pamela (2003) who have postulated that cheerleading gives an opportunity for participants to reconstruct femininity in a way not to challenge the dominant ideas of the roles and expectations. This they did, by adjusting themselves to suit the evolving ideas of what it means to be a woman in the societal or cultural context. Also, there has been

Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates Free Essays

BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES Market Decisions On the marketing side, exchange rates can affect demand for a company’s products at home and abroad. A country such as Mexico may force down the value of its currency if its exports become too expensive owing to relatively high inflation. Even though inflation would cause the peso value of the Mexican products to rise, the devaluation means that it takes less foreign currency to buy the pesos, thus allowing the Mexican products to remain competitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now One interesting ramification of a peso depreciation is the impact of the cheaper Mexican goods on exporters from other countries. For example, the cheaper Mexican goods flooding the market in Argentina might take away market share from Italian exporters, thus affecting the Italian economy. A good example of the marketing impact of exchange rate changes is the problem that Japanese car manufacturers were having selling to the United States in 1986 and 1987 due to the sharp rise in the value of the yen. As the dollar fell 47 percent against the yen in the 16 months ending in December 1986, Japanese car companies found that their cost advantage had disappeared, prices had to be increased, and profit margins had to be trimmed in order to remain competitive. In addition, Korean cars were making inroads due to the low costs and prices of Korean products. Thus a currency depreciation could result in foreign products becoming so expensive in a country like the United States that U. S. roducts soon would pick up market share from imports. The key is whether or not the percentage of devaluation exceeds the relative increase in inflation. In the case of Japan, the strengthening of the Japanese yen in the latter part of 1990 was advantageous to the Japanese in one sense—the cost of imports. Oil prices skyrocketed in late 1990 as Iraq invaded Kuwait, and oil is priced in dollars. Because the yen was rising against the dollar, the stronger yen offset the higher cost of oil. Production Decisions Production decisions also could be affected by an exchange-rate change. A manufacturer in a country with high wages and operating expenses might be tempted to locate production in a country such as Argentina (where the austral is rapidly losing value) because a foreign currency could buy lots of aus-trals, making the initial investment relatively cheap. Another reason for locating in a country such as Argentina is that goods manufactured there would be relatively cheap in world markets. However, a firm could accomplish the same purpose by going to any country whose currency is expected to remain weak in relation to that of the parent-country currency. The attractiveness of a weak-currency country must be balanced with the potential problems of investing there. Financial Decisions The final business area where exchange rates make a difference is in finance, The areas of finance that are most affected are the sourcing of financial re- sources, the remittance of funds across national borders, and the financial statements. There might be a temptation to borrow money where interest rates are lowest. However, we mentioned earlier that interest-rate differentials often are compensated for in the money markets through exchange-rate changes. In the area of financial flows, a parent company would want to convert local currency into the parent’s own currency when exchange rates are most favorable so that it can maximize its return. However, countries with weak currencies often have currency controls, making it difficult to manage the flow of funds optimally. Finally, exchange-rate changes also can influence the reporting of financial results. A simple example can illustrate the impact that exchange rates can have on income. If the Mexican subsidiary of a U. S. company earns 100 million pesos when the exchange rate is 200 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income is $500,000. If the peso depreciates to 300 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income falls to $333,333. The opposite would occur if the local currency appreciates against the parent currency. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE The international monetary system has undergone significant reform in the past two decades. As the historically planned economies undergo a transition to market economies, they will feel significant pressure on their exchange rates. High rates of inflation and weak demand for those currencies will lead to major devaluations—certainly a key factor affecting the Russian rouble in March and April of 1991. The European Monetary System should continue to strengthen, and national economic policies will be coordinated more closely as the Europeans move closer to a common currency. However, the weaker economies of some of the new entrants into the EC will continue to plague harmonization and the problems arising during the reunification of Germany will keep the German mark from soaring too high against the currencies of the other EC members. Some of the most interesting changes in currency values will take place in the â€Å"more flexible† category. Countries in the â€Å"adjusted according to a set of indicators† and â€Å"other managed floating† categories need to gain greater control over their economies in order to move to the â€Å"independently floating† category. Countries in the latter category are under constant pressure to control inflation and to keep from being tempted to intervene in the markets. Firms will face constant pressure to understand the factors influencing particular exchange rates and to adjust corporate strategy in anticipation of rate movements. Their job will only get easier if exchange rate volatility diminishes How to cite Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates, Essay examples

Business and Corporations Law Entire Partnership

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporations Law for Entire Partnership. Answer: 1. Issue: In the present assignment, the legal issue in question has to do with whether the actions of a partner can bind the other partners in a partnership firm and make them liable as well. Specifically, what we have to see is whether the action of Adrian in entering two separate agreements, one for buying of Accounting Journals from Tom for $15000 and the other for buying of surveying material from Edgar for an amount of $8000, without the knowledge of the other two partners, Adian and Peter, will bind the entire partnership firm or not. Relevant Laws and Rules: The first and foremost thing to be looked at, in case of situations such as the present case is the term and conditions which the partners had agreed between them. The law will look at the terms arrived at by the partners in a partnership firm and will give effect to it, accordingly. These are clauses and agreements which will lay down the groundwork or the framework for ensuring what kind of liability is owed by each partner to the others as well as to the partnership firm, too (Peirson et al. 2014). This results in the situation that if a partner is doing or has done something for which he had authority, then entire firm as well as the partners too, will be bound and liable for it (Pollock, 2013, p. 10) Apart from this, however, there are also certain other ways, how the different partners in a partnership firm may be held liable for the actions of the other partner even when the other partner overstepped his boundaries in terms of the authority that he had. This situation, in fact, has been provided for in the provision, present in the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) (Business and Corporation law 504 Modules, 2015, Topic 13). The two most important sections present in the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) which adhere to the present issue of an action of a partner outside his scope of authority binding the other partners, is s 5(1) and s 8 of the same. Section 5(1) of the act quite categorically lays down that an unauthorized action of a partner outside his scope of authority will still be able to bind the fellow partners, provided two elements are present. Firstly, for this section to apply, the unauthorized action of the partner has to have some connection with the usual or normal course of business of the partnership firm. This basically means that if a partnership firm is involved in the business of selling of clothes, then the action of the partner outside his scope of authority has to be connected with activity of such sales. If it is not connected with the usual course of business, then the other partners cannot and will not be held liable. Secondly, the other requirement which has been envisioned in the s 5(1) is that the third person the partner acting outside his scope is dealing with has no prior idea of the partner overstepping his boundaries. If it can be proved by the other partners that the third person had knowledge about the partner not acting in tune with his authorization, then the other partners will be able to deflect the blame and their liability as well (Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW). Section 8 of the same act has also been structured, keeping in view the same kind of issue as well. Section 8 states in no uncertain terms that the arrangement between the partners with regards to their scope of authority to bind each other is a sacred covenant for the partnership business to exist and as such if any outside person privy to such agreements still decides to go ahead with an arrangement with one of the partners, where such arrangement is outside the scope of authority of the partner in question, then the third party will not be allowed to take advantage of his wrong and bring a claim against other partners (Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW). Apart from these, s 6(1) and s 7(1) has helps in establishing the same principle with regards to action of a partners, binding the other partners and making them liable as well. There are a couple of decisions of the court as well apart from these statutory provisions, which helps us in understanding the liability existing between the partners. First, among these is the landmark case of Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod (Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103). In this present case, there were two persons involved in the business of garage services. In the internal arrangement between the two partners, they had agreed to not partake in the business of trading of cars. However, one of the partners without the knowledge of the other decided to sell a car over which he had no right to a third party in the name of the partnership business. The third party, quite clearly had to return the car back to its original owner after some time and hence decide to claim charges against the partnership, consequently. The partner without whose knowledge such a transaction was made, tried to avoid liability by showing the internal arrangement of the partnershi p firm. The court, however, in its judgment quite clearly laid down that selling and buying of cars can said to be in the normal course of garage business and since the third party did not have any idea about the internal agreement between the partners, both the partners in such a case should be held liable. The other case, similar to the present situation was the case between Australasia v Breillat (13 ER 642), where the privy council quite clearly laid down that there exists a relationship of agency between the different partners in a partnership firm, especially when one partner does something similar to the business the partnership firm is involved in. Application of Relevant Laws and Rules: With the relevant laws and cases discussed above, we will now be able to see whether Tom and Edgar will be able to claim from only Adrian or even from the other partners as well. The internal arrangement between the partners of the firm was that they would be able to bind each other to the tune of $ 10000. In the case of buying of surveying materials from Edgar, even though it was in connection to something which could not have been said to be in the normal course of business, but the fact that the partners were liable for each others actions up to an amount of $10000, will mean that the other partners will be liable to pay Edgar the required sum. Moreover, simply because of the fact that not only was that particular transaction connected to the normal course of business of the firm but also because Tom had no idea about the arrangement of the partners, tom will be eligible claim in view of s 5(1) and s 8 along with the judgment of the court in the two above referred cases. Conclusion: In the present case, the partners will be liable to both Tom as well as Edgar, due to the partnership provisions prevalent in the country (Gaal, 2013, p.267). Both Tom as well as Edgar will be able to bring action against all the three partners, Adrian, Adian and Peter as well and will be able to prove their case in the court of law. 2. Issue: Based on the facts, the issue that arises here are the following: Whether Richard can be held liable for breaching the non - compete clause with Nu Slim Pty Ltd and whether the company will be asked to close down after its incorporation? Whether Richard and Frances will be held liable for not paying the installment of the loan that costs 40000 dollars owed to United Bank by Fat Away Pty Ltd? Relevant Rule and Procedure: A company structures a non compete clause to restrict the employees from competing against the organization after they complete their period of employment. This kind of restraint is achieved by inserting a non compete clause. This clause enables not only the former employees from competing against the firm but also restraints the existing employees from competing against the organization (Bunstoff et al. 2013). The reason why this rule was included in the Corporations Act was to ensure that the employees do not take unfair advantage of the information that is available to the employees at the time of their employment. This means that the employees, during the course of their employment, will be liable to the company for all their actions that is competitive in nature (Davis et al. 2015, p. 255). Additionally, the case has also given attention to the concept of separate legal entity under section 119 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). As per section 119 of the Act, a company that is registered under the Corporations Act has the capability of suing others and being sued in its own name. This means that the company has to bear all the liabilities in its own name. The liabilities that the company shall undertake will be in its own name as well as in the name of its members. The liabilities may be related to the undertaking of a debt or some other issue that has to be proceeded in the name of the company (Hannigan, 2015). In such an instant, the company will be able to fulfill the principles of separate legal entity. The company possesses the status of a natural person and was to be protected under the doctrine of corporate veil. However, the Court in certain situations may ask the company to lift its corporate veil. The Court uses its discretionary power in such situations and ensures that the companys corporate veil is lifted, especially when the companys working is in question (Grantham, 2013, p. 311). The reason why the corporate veil is lifted from any company is to find out the true owners, members and shareholders of the company. Section 588 V X of the Corporation Act deals with the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil. Application of the Rule: Likewise, in the instant case as well, the issue that is related to the non-competing clause, Richard can claim that the company that was established by him was a separate legal entity and thus, cannot be held liable. However, the Court may hold Richard liable for breaching the clause that relates to restraint of trade. The judgment that was taken by the Court in the case of Gilford Motor Co. Ltd Vs. Horne ([1933] Ch 935), can be applied in the given case study as well as making Fat Away Pty Ltd liable for their actions. The second issue that was in question was related to the lifting of corporate veil. In this case, the Court may order the company to lift their corporate veil to examine and investigate how the owners of the company managed and control the working of the firm. Thus, the companys corporate veil may be lifted. Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be held that Richard will be found guilty of breaching the non compete clause and at the same time, it will also be answerable to Nu Slim Pty Ltd. Moreover, Richard and Frances will also be held liable for not paying the installment of their loan of 40000 dollars owed by United Bank. As such in the present situation both Nu slim Pty Ltd. as well as the United Bank will be able to prove their charges against Richard. References: Australasia v Breillat (13 ER 642). Bnstorf, G, Engel, C, Fischer, S and Guth, W (2013). Win Shift Lose StayAn Experimental Test of Non-Compete Clauses.MPI Collective Goods Preprint, (2013/17). Business and Corporation LAW504 Modules. Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Davis, A, Reicin, E. D and Warren, M (2015). Developing Trends in Non-Compete Agreements and Other Restrictive Covenants.ABA Journal of Labor Employment Law,30(2), 255. Gaal, J (2013). Definitions of.Division 7A Handbook: The Practitioner's Guide to the Div 7A Rules, 267 Gilford Motor Co. Ltd Vs. Horne [1933] Ch 935. Grantham, R (2013). Corporate Veil: An Ingenious Device, The.U. Queensland LJ,32, 311. Hannigan, B (2015).Company law. Oxford University Press, USA. Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103. Partnership Act 1892 (NSW). Peirson, G, Brown, R, Easton, S and Howard, P (2014).Business finance. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Pollock, M (2013). So you want to be a partner?.Brief,40(7), 10.