Honda Motor Company Limited Commerce Essay

Honda Motor Company Limited Commerce Essay Sun Zis Art of War is the most famous work on military operations in ancient China. Being the oldest military treatise in the world, it is one of the greatest cultural legacies of the Chinese nation. Sun Zis Art of War is a classic on military operations and the most influential in the world today. In this well-known book, Sun Wu puts forward many important principles in military operations. He says, Winning a victory and subduing the enemy without fighting is the highest excellence. War is not for slaughter; if you win without fighting, the way you can do so is the greatest military strategy, Sun Wu in his book stresses, To attack where the enemy is unprepared and hit when it is unexpected is another wise observation. Military operations should aim at speedy victory and not prolonged campaigns. Know both the enemy and yourself; you will fight a hundred battles without danger of defeat. All these principles are, unquestionably, significant even in military strategies in the world today. The thirteen military essays in The Art of War form a systematic military work. Each essay discusses one problem, but thirteen essays constitute an organic whole, which can never be taken separately. The Art of War actually discusses how to win, which is not limited to military operations. Its significance has been enlarged to many fields, such as commercial affairs, management, athletic competitions, etc. Everyone who reads it carefully may acquire the key to victory (Wee, 2003). Honda Motor Company Limited established by Soichiro Honda who was a legendary man in the Japanese motor industry. He was a dreamer, he dreamed of a better way of making piston rings, founded a small company, and began production. He dreamed of giving people everywhere an economical form of transportation, and began producing small motorcycles, including one built in 1949 called the D-Type Dream (Honda Motor Comapny Ltd, 2012). Honda Motor Company is by far the worlds biggest motorcycle maker. Hondas first motorcycle was born out of necessity in immediate post World War II Japan, where public transportation was desperately overcrowded and gasoline severely restricted. Soichiro Honda started Honda Motor Company in 1948, at the age of 41. Soon after he hooked up with financial whiz Takeo Fujisawa and together they built an empire. Two owners of the company had different priorities. For Fujisawa, the engine innovation meant increased sales and easier access to financing. For Honda, the higher horsepower engine opened the possibility of more successfully pursuing his motorcycle racing ambitions. Indeed, winning provided the ultimate confirmation of his design abilities. Success came quickly, and by the end of the 1950s Honda had won all of the most prestigious motorcycle racing prizes in the world. In 1958 the Honda 50cc Super Cub was introduced. It featured an automatic clutch, three-speed transmission, automatic starter, and the safe, friendly look of a bicycle. Its inexpensive price was due almost entirely to its high-horsepower, yet lightweight 50cc engine. The success of the Super Cub in Japan prompted Honda to consider expanding its target market to other geographic regions. The company had already experimented with local Southeast Asian markets in 1957 and 1958, however, with little success. The European market, while larger, was heavily dominated by its own name brand manufacturers, and their popular mopeds dominated the low price, low horsepower market. Thus, Fujisawa decided to focus Hondas attention on the U.S. market. In 1962 this breakthrough advertising You meet the nicest people on a Honda shattered the myth that motorcycles were only for tough guys and rebels. It reached out and made Honda and motorcycling in general, appealing to everyone. in 1967 it diversified and also began to produce cars and trucks. In addition, the company started to manufacture portable generators, power tillers, lawn mowers, pumps, and outboard motors. In 1967 and 1968 the company introduced two lightweight passenger cars which performed poorly in both the Japanese and U.S. markets. It was not until 1973 and the introduction of the Honda Civic that the company became a real presence on the international automobile market (Honda Motor Company Limited History, 2012). Three years later, in 1976, as sales of the Honda Civic surpassed the one million mark, the company introduced an upscale, higher priced model named the Accord. Sales of the Accord grew rapidly, not only in Japan, but especially in the United States. In 1982, as a result of the burgeoning U.S. market for Japanese carsIn 1986, Honda introduced the Acura, which immediately garnered large sales throughout Japan and the United States. By the end of the 1980s, Honda had developed into one of the leading car manufacturers in the world. After Soichiro Honda died in 1991, the company initiated a comprehensive reorganization, led by Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the companys president and chief executive officer. in 1992 Honda organized the first ever joint venture to make motorcycles in China. Many industry analysts predicted that the agreement would give Honda an initial foothold in what could become the worlds largest and most motorcycle market lucrative. In order to compete in the tough automobile industry environment, Honda focused much of its attention on research and development. In 1994 and 1996, Hondas experiments with alternative power sources for automobiles and a U.S.-made large-size custom motorcycle led the company to win the worlds largest Solar Car racethe World Solar Challengewith its Honda Dream. In 1997 alone, new production lines of different Honda products were started in India, Vietnam, Turkey, Indonesia, and Brazil. In 1998 Honda once again signed a joint venture agreement in Chinathis time to produce and sell cars. Honda was doing quite well but still had weaknesses to surmount. It had come to be known as one of the most efficient car companies in the world. Its strengths were in its research and development know-how, its high level of technological advances, and its global reachHonda was selling markedly more units abroad than in its own country. Civic and Accord model are the most successful product in Honda company 2. Content Sun Zi Art of War is a short book which contains about only 6200 words written in classical Chinese and has 13 chapters. All the principles and concepts of Sun Zi Art of War can be apply into warfare and modern business strategies today. In this assignment, topics that we selected are chapter 3 Strategic Attack, chapter 4 Disposition of the Army, chapter 5 Forces and chapter 8 Variations and adaptability. Chapter 1: Planning Sun Zi Art of War stated that on every war must have studied and examined thoroughly as it is a matter of life and death. In order to do so, there are five factors in planning which contains moral influence, the weather, terrain, generalship, and doctrine and law. These factors enable Maxis Communication Berhad to compare against their competitors such as DiGi, Celcom, U-mobile as in to understand the changing condition and circumstances and assess the victory in the sales over them. There are 7 important consideration should held in the planning process of Maxis in order to enable them to have competitive advantages their competitors. As in planning, there are 12 guidance of strategic planning that could have been held by Maxis over gaining competitive advantages or gain more profit on their product over other telecommunication provider. Sunzi emphasis on the importance of detailed planning in order for Maxis to gain victory over other in the term of sales and goodwill of the teleco mmunication industry. Chapter 3 Strategic Attack In this chapter, Sun Zi said: capturing a whole division intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. capturing a whole battalion intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. capturing an entire company intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. capturing an entire section intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. For business application, an organization has to adapt their culture when they enter into new market or invented a new product. Then, organization has to analyse their consumers need and it will be easier to succeed because the products invented are adapt to the customers culture, environments and needs. Besides, organization can save a lot of costs, they doesnt waste more capital in advertising on promotion. However, they have to make sure that the origin elements are maintained. For example, KFC has just introduced a new Flaming Crunch chicken which suited Malaysian taste. This flaming crunch chicken is coated with crunchy cornflakes and some spicy powder. As we all know most of the Malaysians like spicy food such as nasi lemak or curry. Thus, this new flaming crunch chicken meets the needs of Malaysian who like spicy food. Chapter 4 Disposition of the Army This chapter stated that those who were skilful in warfare ensued that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy. The ability to prevent defeat depends on oneself, while the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy. When the opportunity arrived, all advantages factors are well prepared like financial and material support, just a button, organization can make extremely profit and easier to penetrate the market. Ball is in your hand, can fun play. For example, Apple Inc has become the market leader, control all factors like pricing, products, promotion, policy and place even if Apple Inc was not the first mover for multimedia downloader. It said one does not make mistakes because he adopts measures, policies and strategies that are certain to lead to victory. He wins because he chooses to engage an enemy that is already in a position of defeat. People who are the most successful are who will predict the future, create the market and to realize the prediction. For example, the diamond multimedia is the first mover for multimedia downloader but the timing is not matured, they never predict their future properly and do not have good policies or strategies to create the market. Few years later, Apple Inc produces the same technology products such as iPod. It is more famous as compared to diamond multimedia. It shows that Apple Inc create the trend which bring the organization growth and maximize the organisation profit. However, follow the trend will only give opportunity to the organization but not profit. Chapter 5 Forces Chapter 5 stated that the fact that the whole army can withstand the attacks of the enemy without suffering any defeats is due to the use of the direct and indirect strategies, forces and approaches. When forces are concentrated to attack the enemy, it must be like solid stones hurled against eggs. This is applying the principle of using strengths to strike weaknesses. For business application, organizations have to be creative and innovative so that they can compete with their competitors. They have to change process happen, change their form, culture, structure or product base when it is needed for them to do so. You must breaks the eggs on beach and create a new life in the sea. For example, Starbucks coffee leads the industry with it continuous menu innovation and a wider choice of drinks than any other brand. Recently, everyone is crazy for Chatime, Ochado or Gong Cha which all of them are Taiwanese pearl milk tea. You can see people queue up even if the queue is very long, stil l people wait for it just for that cup of pearl milk tea. To change, we can see Starbucks coffee introducing the Green Tea with Red Bean Frappuccino and Hojicha with Tea Jelly Frappuccino to follow the trend. Thus, this indirect forces used by Starbucks coffee are tactics to surprise their competitors and consumers. Moreover, this can help to solve their problem and pull back their customers. In this chapter, it also stated that entice the enemy by giving away something that he would certainly want to have. Lure the enemy to move with benefits that he desires and then use concealed troops to await and ambush them. For business application, when the enemy is greedy for small advantages, offer baits to lure him. As we all know greedy is one of the human natural instincts. For example, AEON members day has a lots of things are discount up to 70%. Thus, consumer will be greedy for the small advantages, just to get the discount they have actually spent on things that they dont really need. Therefore, the consequence is they have spent more for that particular month or over budget. Chapter 8 Variations and adaptability This chapter is about the importance of being adapting to changing, importance of careful deliberations and preparedness. The world is constantly changing, we need to adapt to this change quickly. The quicker you let go the past, the sooner you can enjoy you happiness. This means that the faster you adapt to change and follow the trend, the faster you can enjoy earning your profit. There are few examples that we can see in our daily life. First, there is a new concept of Kopitiam has been experienced rapid growth over the past few years. These new concept of Kopitiam included Old Town White Coffee, Pak Hailam Kopitiam, Georgetown White Coffee and many more. Just for a short period of time, Old Town White Coffee has over 130 outlets in Malaysia. Soon or later we will hardly find those old style kopitiam. Another example is the sundry shops, as we can see grocery shops have been replaced by all those convenient stores like 7-eleven, 99speedmart; supermarkets and hypermarkets like Aeon, Tesco, Carrefour or Econsave. All these convenient stores or hypermarkets offer wider range of products and cheaper price. For example, we can buy everything we need in Aeon, we can buy clothes, electronic products, vegetables or other daily consumer products at one go. We need not to travel here and there to get what we want. In addition, we can see the advance of the technologies nowadays. Everyone is using Smartphone or smart TV. Samsung has come out their brand new smart phone Galaxy S3, they keep on innovate their products to fulfilled the consumer needs and wants. Furthermore, it leads Samsung to be the leader of the markets. At the same time, this new technologies bring an opportunity to the telecommunication companies to come out with data plan to boost their profits up. To be winner of the market, these telecommunication companies have to review their plans frequently to stay competitive in the market. Lastly, proactiveness is the key to strategic advantage. Nowadays, people like convenience and easy job. Therefore, the new concept of wall paper has been invented by Korea and Taiwan to replace paint. We can customize our own wall paper; you can have your own favourite colour, taste or picture. With this invention, we can save our time, cost and energy; no more pain. Chapter 10: Terrain In this chapter, Sun Zis explain the grounds during the war. Type of grounds are communication ground, entrapping ground, indifferent group, constricted ground, key ground and distant ground. Every ground has its own function during the war. In business application, Maxis Sdn Bhd encounters obstacles in competing against their competitors. It is said that the top management is responsible for the lower management performance. Therefore, the top management holds a great responsibility in Maxis, like a general does. Senior director is responsible to organize an effective strategy to gain victory in the business war. The strategy will be exercise by the middle management to order the lower management in implementing the strategy in Maxis business process. Chapter 13: Intelligence and espionage In Chapter 13, we discuss about intelligence and espionage. According to Sun Zi, there are five types of spies and secret agents. They are living agents, local agents, inside agents, double agents and doomed agents. We discuss about the ability of the agent to gather and effectively use information on the enemy on the enemy. Thus, Maxis Berhad may send its employees to do research on competitors by obtaining information through reliable sources. For example, annual reports, stock warrants, news feed and press conference. This may help Maxis Berhad to gain informative and useful information to analyze its strengths and weaknesses of itself in order to gain competitive advantage over the competitors. Q3. DISCUSSION Chapter 3 Strategic Attacks Sun Zi said: In general, when waging war, capturing a whole nation intact is a better strategy; to shatter and ruin it is a weaker option. Honda motor has to come out with different strategy and method in facing different challenges among competitors in order to compete in car and motorcycle industry. In 2001, American Hondas associate learning and organizational development group that undertook a broad assessment of its approach to training, looking at what was offered, why, to whom and how. One focus of this initiative was to deepen the emphasis on quality, which has long permeated Hondas manufacturing operations, within the internal support and service portions of the organization. The challenge laid out for the development group was to improve and extend the delivery of training for employees, reduce their time away from the job for training, take advantage of expanding technology capabilities and infrastructure and, above all, ensure a tangible transfer of skills that would take internal service quality to an entirely new level. Honda motor also tends to improve their service quality by using a learning management system (LMS) to schedule, administer and track training. The system was applied not only to instructor led offerings but also to pure online training, blended learning and other offerings. Using a customized LMS, Honda employees and their managers learned to define and manage individual training plans as well as enrol in, complete and track their progress courses and curricula through a learner specific Web portal. With LMS, Honda motor able to provide a better service to its customers and win a good reputation among its competitors. Chapter 4 Disposition of the Army Sun Zi said: In ancient times, those who were skilful in warfare ensured that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy. A good organization must always have a good advance mission and management control to enhance their company strength. Management must always have a well prepare for the organization future development and scoring in the good opportunity arrives thus, organization can make profit on it. Example: Honda Motors company developing abilities and human resource department in their organization which is to provide training to the employees to equip them with necessary skills. Hondas approach to personnel education is based on on-the-job training: building specialized skills and professional capabilities through direct experience. Honda has established on-the-job training programs for each job description, setting qualitative and quantitative targets for the knowledge and skills to be acquired. These programs provide with an opportunity for associates to acquire specialized skills and managerial capabilities while helping supervisors assess and foster the aptitude of the associates they manage. To supplement these on-the-job training programs, Honda also offers off-the-job training designed to provide associates an opportunity to enhance their careers by developing new specialized skills or management capabilities. To support associates who wish to take the initiative to le arn new skills, acquire knowledge, and cultivate themselves in order to fully realize their own potential, Honda offers opportunities for language learning, distance education, and inter-industry exchanges. With this training Honda can enhance their strength of company. Besides that, Sun zi also said that: The ability to prevent defeat depends on oneself, while the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy. The organization must always have a better control on their product pricing, police and place. Furthermore organizations leader also need set a good strategy and market research to take the advantage on the competitors weakness and negligence. Example: In car industry, Honda and Toyota is one of the large competitors of both. Honda and Toyota always have the price differentiate on their product. In 2002 Honda was produce a new model of car which is Honda Civic Dx sedan, the suggested retail price is $13,800 but in the same times Toyota Corolla CE sedan also goes for the market about $13,900. If a buyer they will looking for the product quality and these both cars would have almost same specification, besides that consumer also will compare this two car price. Now the Honda Civic is cheaper than Toyota Corolla. Thus, most of the consumer will make a decision on buying the Honda car. In the case Honda Company was make a good pricing control on their product, Honda was able take a good opportunity to making profit. Chapter 5 Forces According to the study of Sunzi Art of War in chapter 5, which discuss about forces that can be implementing by organizations to face its problem and challenges? Sun Zi said: To manage a large force is similar to managing a small force. So, it is a matter of organization and structure. So, the formations, communications and signals among whole Honda organizations around the world are important to face with challenges. Honda operates in the worldwide market with 134 production facilities in 28 countries and at 31 Research and Development facilities in 15 countries, about 167000 Honda employees and associates serve 23 million customers worldwide annually. So, it is not easy to manage such a large organization. In order to have a better management, Hondas global operations are divided into 6 administrative regions responsible for operating which are Japan, China, North American, Latin  American, Europe and the Middle Near East and  Africa, Asian and Oceania, while hiring and engagi ng the people and philanthropic initiatives locally in the communities that Honda operates. Honda is pushing the independence of their local management and sales operations, at the same time with integrating and forward-looking plan for each region. They operate under the conduct guidelines that help member companies and associates in evaluating and managing risks, complying with laws and regulations, keeping a high level of transparency in operational level, thats all to maximize the worldwide customer satisfaction. In the global business, many top managers still centralize their authority; make most of decisions of  the company. In contrast, Honda follows a different way; most of decisions are made by a group of  responsible persons, including Board of Director, outside directors, outside auditors. Honda decentralizes authority to their associates to maximize the flexibility and diversity in decision making process, and well adapt to the changes of global  market. Making group decision of responsible persons in Honda is extremely effective. The theoretical advantage of this strategy is improving innovation and reducing risk, biased thinking. In fact, this strategic leadership style leads Honda to today success. For instance, the organization of Board of Directors or Board of Auditors includes not only inside companys employees but also external appointees. This feature helps Honda to make the distinction  in global performing and competing. Outside company appointees play the role as su pervising the execution of each board. As the result, the performance of each board becomes effective and efficient rather than organization with entirely inside company employees. By this strategy organizing, the company can ensure that working environment will be fair and strong without dubious cooperation. Honda manages its employees through promoting programs, principles and policies in supporting its organizational human resources. So, when peoples needs are satisfied, they are well motivated, resulting in being eager to contribute more to organization. Honda satisfies not only low  needs (physics, safety, belongings) but also high needs of employees  (esteem and self actualization).  Therefore, Honda is  more effective than a  lot of other companies in motivating people, resulting in efficient,  effective performance of employees and firm as well. Chapter 8 Variations and adaptability Base on chapter 8, it is discussing about the variations and adaptability of a company. This concept is very important because variations and adaptability are the most valuable characteristic of a company. A company that focus on variations will continue to move forward, looking to the future, and know how to shift to fixed current situation successfully. With this characteristic, a company will able to improve their product and services, seeking new opportunities and bringing new things into the market that consumer really need. For example, the Japanese earthquake and tsunami that happen in the year 2011 has forced Honda to halve car production at its  British factory because of a shortage of parts from its homeland. Honda began to implement a strategy of temporary adjustments that reduce daily production levels at its U.S. and Canadian auto plants on March 30 2011 as a result of interruptions in parts supplies from Japan in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami. By taking this action, Honda of the UK Manufacturing (HUM) will be able to continue production by utilising HUMs flexible working policy. Pay is maintained for all associates. Once full production is resumed, the reduced volume production will be quickly recovered using the banked hours. Ken Keir, executive vice president of Honda Motor Europe, said: Weve taken the decision to reduce our production volumes at HUM as it enables us to continue with our manufacturing activities, thus minimising the impact on Honda customers, dealers and associ ates. As parts supply stabilises and full production resumes, Honda will quickly develop a production schedule to meet the needs of Hondas European customers, said todays statement. The other example are as Honda motor decision making is decentralized, this will facilitates rapid response to change in two or more environments. For instance, when some changes occur in American market, the local company freely makes decision in order to immediately adapt to the market. Instead of waiting the decision from Parents Company, it has authority to themselves decides, resulting in saving time, cost and reducing risk. Hence, Hondas associates more efficiently and effectively in exchange information  together. The third example is Honda introduced  Air Blade Scooter with functions like sport and fashion model which are more fuel-efficient engine technology in Vietnam on April 2007 to attract the youth in Vietnam because Honda Vietnam has recognise that younger people in Vietnams prefer nice and expensive scooter and fashion accessory. So, Honda Vietnams has come out with idea in producing Air Blade Scooter to fulfil the local demand and it has successfully sold 950000 units after introduce Air Blake Scooter. 4.) Recommendations Sun Zi said: If you can analyze your weaknesses or disadvantage, you can always use your strength to cover it and win in the business games. Analysis is very important to a company. A company will know their strength and weaknesses and opportunities about the new market. So, Honda motor should have the analysis and planning before they introduce a new product to the market. By do the survey and research, Honda can know the needs of the market and can improve the quality of product to make sure the product is fit with the needs of market. This will make the product more successful. As mentioned by Sun Zi, in strategic management, product must be differentiated from other similar products, or you will be spurned. Honda motor should introduce a new product that differentiated with other competitor such as Toyota and Nissan. Honda tends to come out with several ways in improving their weakness and exploit their strength in the market to gain profit and advantages over its competitor. Honda motor should focus on this new product, so when the products come out, it will be very strong compare with its competitors products. The proposal to produce this new product must be confidential; the other competitors must not know the plan of Honda motor. When Honda motor introduces the new product to the market, competitor will dont know how to defend, and the new product can be very successful. Besides that, Honda can become first mover to control the whole market situation and let the competitor to follow Honda motor. Employees are the most important sources of a company. So, Honda motor must have a good communication with the worker, try to understand their situation and satisfy their needs. Besides, Honda motor can provide some training to the employee, so that they can upgrade their skill and knowledge about the technologies. Thus, they can use their knowledge to develop new product and help Honda to gain more advantages. On the other hand, Honda motor also can provides motivation campaign for the employees; this can give the chances to let the manager to interact with employees and improve co-operative between them. Furthermore, the manager can become the role model to the employees; this can motivate the employees to be more productive. Honda motor can give the rewards to the employees that have the well performance. This can maintain the employees performance and increase their motivation. Beside, Honda also can gives the appreciate to all the workers so that the workers can know that their hard work are being appreciated and they will work more hard. This can help the company to run more smoothly. In addition, as mentioned by Sun Zi, The main purpose of the war is to win in the battle and not to prolong the battle. Same with the business, speed is one of the ways to reduce the organization operating cost. Most of the business is selling their SPEED concept for example INTEL, UPS and DHL. So, Honda should decrease the operating time because longer time taken to complete a product, more expenses is needed. When the time for operation is shorter, then productivity of organization is increase and improves their value in the market. Indirectly it will become more competitive advantage for the organization.

Essay on Setting in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening :: Stopping Woods Snowy Evening

Importance of Setting in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The season is winter, the time is night, but, . . .the scene, we are reminded four times over, is a wood. Woods, especially when as here they are "lovely, dark and deep," are much more seductive to Frost than is an open field. In fact, the woods are not merely "lovely, dark, and deep." Rather, as Frost states it, they are "lovely, [i.e.] dark and deep"; the loveliness thereby partakes of the depth and darkness which make the woods so ominous. The recognition of the power of nature, especially of snow, to obliterate the limits and boundaries of things and of his own being is, in large part, a function here of some furtive impulse toward extinction, an impulse no more predominate in Frost than it is in nature. It is in him, nonetheless, anxious to be acknowledged, and it significantly qualifies any tendency he might have to become a poet whose descriptive powers, however botanically or otherwise accurate, would be used to deny the mysterious blurrings of time and place which occur w henever he finds himself somehow participating in the inhuman transformations of the natural world. That need is in many ways the subject of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." As its opening words suggest--"Whose woods these are I think I know"--it is a poem concerned with ownership and also with someone who cannot be or does not choose to be very emphatic even about owning himself. He does not want or expect to be seen. And his reason, aside from being on someone else's property, is that it would apparently be out of character for him to be there, communing alone with a woods fast filling up with snow. He is, after all, a man of business who has promised his time, his future to other people. It would appear that he is not only a scheduled man but a fairly convivial one. He knows who owns which parcels of land, or thinks he does, and his language has a sort of pleasant neighborliness, as in the phrase "stopping by." It is no wonder that his little horse would think his actions "queer" or that he would let the horse, instead of himself, take responsibility for the j udgment. He is in danger of losing himself; and his language by the end of the third stanza begins to carry hints of a seductive luxuriousness unlike anything preceding it--"Easy wind and downy flake .

Effects Of Creatine Essay -- essays research papers

The Effects of Creatine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine has been used in sports throughout time. Athletes have always had a fascination with being excellent at what they do. With the banning of steroids from competitive sports and the implementation of random drug testing in most sports, most athletes are still somehow hoping to gain an edge on their competition. This edge that they are using is creatine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand how creatine works, we must discover what creatine is. Creatine is an energy producing nutrient found in our bodies. It is synthesized from three amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. These amino acids are primarily found in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It is also consumed in our everyday diets from fish, meat and other animal products. Creatine is not considered an essential nutrient in our diets. In general, we consume approximately one gram of creatine per day in our diets (www.healthlink.mcw.edu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine helps provide the energy our muscles need to move, especially movements that are quick and explosive. Approximately ninety five percent of the body’s creatine supply is found in the skeletal muscles (www.pacific-nutrition.com). The other five percent is spread throughout the body, but mainly found in the heart, brain and testes. Creatine is easily absorbed from the intestinal tract into the blood stream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine was first discovered in 1832 by a French scientist, Cevreul. In 1847, it was noticed that the meat from foxes killed in the wild had ten times more creatine than meat from inactive foxes. The conclusion from this was that creatine accumulates in muscles due to physical activity. It was discovered in the early twentieth century that not all creatine consumed was excreted in the urine, but in fact, stored in the body. In 1912, researchers found that ingesting creatine can dramatically boost the creatine content of muscle. Fiske and Subbarow discovered creatine phosphate in 1927, and determined that creatine is a key player in the metabolism of skeletal muscle. Most studies focusing on creatine and sports performance have only been done since the early 1990’s (www.pacific-nutrition.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we use our muscles everyday we use oxygen to make energy. This energy is created by breaking... ...rity. It claims to increase muscle strength and to delay fatigue, allowing athletes to train harder and longer. Companies promoting creatine supplements also claim that creatine can help burn fat and increase muscle mass. Annual sales of creatine in the United States alone are well over $100 million (Performance Enhancing Substances). Although creatine use in athletes is expected to increase because it is not on the list of banned substances as of yet, it is possibly going to be banned from professional sports, as well as NCAA sports, as early as next year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel like creatine is great and should not be banned. How are athletes going to gain a competitive edge without a supplement that will allow their muscles to train harder? I have used creatine and I am still currently using creatine. I have seen the gains in muscle mass already only after two weeks of taking creatine. Drinking plenty of water is the key. As long as you take creatine as suggested, there should be no problems. There are no known serious side effects, therefore, I don’t think that creatine should be banned. Creatine is a great supplement for athletes to gain that competitive edge!

A Survey conducted on teachers in the United States

The entire population studied was 200 instructors with different demographic profiles. Of them 66 instructors were work forces ( 33 % ) and 134 were adult females ( 67 % ) . In footings of matrimonial position, 38 % were individual ( i.e 76 instructors ) and the remainder 124 instructors were married. Among the studied population once more, 164 instructors were professionally qualified, while the remainder 36 instructors did non have any professional preparation. Experience wise 45 % of the studied population had an experience of & lt ; 10years ( 90 instructors ) and the remainder 110 instructors had an experience of & gt ; 10 old ages. The undermentioned pie charts portray the perceptual experience of instructors in United States refering inclusive instruction. Following the order in portion I of the questionnaire, the consequences have been discussed. On being asked if they think that inclusive manner of instruction helps pupils with particular demands fare better academically, more than half of the respondents ( 65 % ) strongly agree that pupils when put in an inclusive category suites, perform academically better and their response towards inclusive instruction is greater. Another 20 % of instructors are besides positive about this perceptual experience. Therefore a huge bulk of the surveyed population are positive towards the inquiry of inclusivity as a aid for particular instruction in footings of academic betterment in pupils with particular demands. 12 % of the population was impersonal on the issue and negative positions were expressed by merely a little minority of 0.75 % who disagreed and 0.25 % who strongly objected this position. Thus the overall instructor community ‘s perceptual experience was found to be positive on this issue. On being asked if they thought that the integrating of particular needs kids into the general pupil community would impact the regular pupils in any manner, merely 8 % of the respondents agreed of which merely 5 % strongly agreed that when normal pupils are placed along with particular kids in a regular category ambiance, negatively will impact the public presentation and efficiency of normal pupils. 22 % were impersonal in their positions and felt that inclusion might or might non hold an consequence on the regular pupil community. The remainder of the 70 % of the instructors surveyed disagreed to this position of which 40 % strongly disagreed that inclusion might impact the regular pupils in any manner. Again, the instructor ‘s response for inclusion seemed to be favourable in an overall bulk. To the inquiry og whether or non endorse up support must be given to kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to accomplish the highest degree of inclusion, 62 % of the respondents strongly believed that back up support must be given to accomplish the highest degree of inclusion. Another 23 % agreed to this position doing the entire favorable attitude to this position a bulk of 85 % . 5 % of instructors were undecided on this position and merely 10 % had negative positions. Among the 10 % merely 2 % of the instructors strongly rejected this position. On being asked if they thought that academically talented pupils will be isolated in an inclusive category apparatus, none of the instructors strongly accepted this position and merely 3 % agreed that such a possibility exists. 22 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non inclusion might insulate the academically gifted kids. A bulk og 42 % instructors strongly rejected this position of isolation of the academically gifted kids in inclusive categories while 33 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 75 % think that academically talented kids will non be isolated in inclusive category suites. To the 5th inquiry as to whether the placing of kids with particular demands in regular category suites may impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse pupils, 50 % of the learning community thought they strongly rejected this thought. Another 15 % disagreed to the thought doing a bulk of 65 % of instructors who thought that the puting kids with particular demands in regular category suites will non impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse students.10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 25 % accepted the thought of which 13 % strongly felt that puting kids with particular demands in regular category suites may impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse pupils and another 12 % agreed. To the inquiry of whether kids with particular instruction demands will profit from inclusive instruction, 78 % of the instructors surveyed strongly accepted that kids with particular demands will profit and another 12 % agreed to the thought. Thus a sum of 90 % of the instructors thought that inclusivity benefits the kids with particular demands. Merely 9 % of the instructors had a negative position on the thought while 1 % were undecided on the issue. On being asked if they thought that kids with particular academic demands have a right to chief watercourse instruction, 72 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 18 % agreed that kids with particular academic demands have a right to chief watercourse instruction. 5 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non kids with particular academic demands have a right to chief watercourse instruction. A minority og 2 % instructors strongly rejected this position of kids with particular academic demands holding a right to chief watercourse instruction while another 3 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 90 % think that kids with particular academic demands have a right to chief watercourse instruction. To the last inquiry as to whether the puting kids with particular demands in regular category suites may ensue in labeling of the kids with particular demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and therefore dispute the end of inclusivity, 68 % of the learning community thought they strongly rejected this thought. Another 23 % disagreed to the thought doing a bulk of 91 % of instructors who thought that the placing of kids with particular demands in regular category suites will non ensue in labeling of the kids with particular demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and therefore dispute the end of inclusivity. 2 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 7 % accepted the thought of which 4 % strongly felt that puting kids with particular demands in regular category suites may ensue in labeling of the kids with particular demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and therefore dispute the end of inclusivity and another 3 % agreed.Part II:In portion II of the questionnaire, the observations of instructors from the US sing the corporate attempts between particular instruction and chief watercourse instructors in an inclusive schoolroom were studied. On being asked if they thought that particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instructors must work together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites, 82 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 12 % agreed that particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instructors must work together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites. 1 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instructors must work together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites. A minority og 2 % instructors strongly rejected this position of kids with particular academic demands holding a right to chief watercourse instruction while another 3 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 94 % think that particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instr uctors must work together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites. The execution of inclusive instruction as a really good construct is uneffective due to expostulation from the chief watercourse category room instructors. To this inquiry as to whether the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 12 % of the learning community thought they strongly rejected this thought. Another 18 % disagreed to the thought doing a sum of 30 % of instructors who did non believe that the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors. 3 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 67 % accepted the thought of which 39 % strongly felt that the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors and another 28 % agreed. To the 3rd inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands placed in their regular category suites, 58 % of the learning community thought they strongly accepted this thought. Another 20 % agreed to the thought doing a bulk of 78 % of instructors who thought that chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands placed in their regular category suites. 1 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 21 % did non prefer the thought of which 10 % strongly rejected the thought that chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands placed in their regular category suites and another 11 % disagreed. Questions were raised on the ideas about hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites, 62 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 12 % agreed that it hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites and 4 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non it is hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites and a minority of 10 % instructors strongly rejected this position that it is hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites while a another 12 % disagreed. Therefore with a huge bulk of instructors 74 % think that hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites. To the last inquiry as to whether or non a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites, 48 % of the learning community thought they strongly accepted this thought. Another 20 % agreed to the thought doing a bulk of 68 % of instructors who thought that a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites. 10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 22 % did non prefer the thought of which 10 % strongly rejected the thought that a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites and another 12 % disagreed.Part III:The 3rd portion of the questionnaire highlights some of the issues that need the attending of the parties involved in implementing particular instruction plans particularly with mention to inclusive manner of instruction. To the first inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the clssrooms, 15 % of the learning community thought they strongly accepted this thought. Another 8 % agreed to the thought doing a minority of 23 % of instructors who thought that chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the clssrooms. 2 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 75 % did non favor the thought of which 50 % strongly rejected the thought that a chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the clssrooms and another 25 % disagreed. On being asked if they thought that kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites, 87 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 8 % agreed that the kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites. none of the instructors were open as to whether or non the kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites. A minority og 3 % instructors strongly rejected this position that kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites while another 2 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 95 % think that the kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites. To the inquiry og whether or non kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils, 58 % of the respondents strongly believed that kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils. Another 34 % agreed to this position doing the entire favourable attitude to this position a bulk of 92 % . 4 % of instructors were undecided on this position and merely 4 % had negative positions. Among the 4 % 2 % of the instructors strongly rejected this position and the other 2 % disagreed that kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils. Main watercourse schoolroom instructors received really small aid from particular demands instructors. To this inquiry as to whether the particular instructors are of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 30 % thought they strongly rejected this thought. Another 2 % disagreed to the thought doing a sum of 32 % of instructors who did non believe that the particular instructors are of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructors and with another 10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 58 % accepted the thought of which 34 % strongly felt that particular instructors are non of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 24 % agreed. Last, to the inquiry as to whether resources for pupils with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom though inclusive instruction is of import, merely 2 % of the learning community thought they disagreed to the thought. Not surprisingly none of the interviewed instructors strongly rejected this thought that resources for pupils with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom. 10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 88 % accepted the thought of which 44 % strongly felt that resources for pupils with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom and another 44 % agreed.Table I: Teachers perceptual experiences towards inclusive instruction:The following tabular array summarizes the consequences of the questionnaire in a simpler format where the pro-inclusive thoughts are combined to give the per centums under the relevant rubric and the anti-inclusive thoughts are combined similarly to give the per centums under the relevant rubric. Those with unsure positions on the topic are besides tabulated. Part I Questions Pro-inclusive Impersonal Anti-inclusive Inclusive category suites help pupils with particular demands to execute academically better 87 % 12 % 1 % Integration of particular Students with particular demands into the regular community 70 % 22 % 8 % In order to achieve the maximal degree of inclusion, it is of import for pupils with particular demands to be portion of regular categories with back up support. 85 % 5 % 10 % The public presentation of chief watercourse pupils in regular categories are negatively affected by the presence of pupils with particular demands 65 % 10 % 25 % Inclusion category suites will insulate academically gifted pupils 75 % 22 % 3 % Inclusion plan in regular category suites will profit the academy pupils with particular demands. 90 % 1 % 9 % Education in chief watercourse categories is the right of the pupils with particular demands. 90 % 5 % 5 % Students with particular demands will non be labeled as ‘hopeless ‘ ‘stupid ‘ and ‘weird ‘ when placed in regular category suites 91 % 2 % 7 %Table-II: Collaboration between particular instruction and chief watercourse instructors:The following tabular array summarizes the consequences of the questionnaire Part II in a simpler format where the pro-collaborative thoughts are combined to give the per centums under the relevant rubric and the anti-collaborative thoughts are combined similarly to give the per centums under the relevant rubric. Those with unsure positions on the topic are besides tabulated. Part II Questions Pro-collaborative Impersonal Anti-collaborative Regular instructors and Particular demands instructors must work together in order to learn pupils with particular demands in inclusive category suites. 94 % 1 % 4 % Because of the expostulation from the chief watercourse schoolroom teachers the execution of Inclusive instruction is uneffective although it is a really good construct. 30 % 3 % 67 % The duty of chief watercourse category instructors towards pupils with particular demands is of at most importance. 78 % 1 % 21 % The presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites could raise troubles in finding who truly is responsible for the particular pupils 22 % 4 % 74 % Particular demands of the pupils are merely met by particular instruction instructors. 22 % 10 % 68 %Table-III: Schemes to better inclusive instructionThe following tabular array summarizes the consequences of the questionnaire Part III in a simpler format where the pro-improvement thoughts are combined to give the per centums under the relevant rubric and the anti-improvement thoughts are combined similarly to give the per centums under the relevant rubric. Those with unsure positions on the topic are besides tabulated. Part III Questions Pro-improvement Impersonal Anti-improvement Teachers of the chief watercourse schoolroom have the accomplishments and the preparation to learn and run into the demand particular demand pupils 75 % 2 % 23 % Particular needs pupils need excess aid and attending 95 % 0 % 5 % compared to the regular pupils there was more of disciplinary jobs with pupils of particular demands 92 % 4 % 4 % particular needs instructors are of really small aid to chief stream category room instructors. 58 % 10 % 32 % the resources for the pupils with particular demands in a chief watercourse category room are limited although inclusive instruction is of great of import, 88 % 10 % 2 % Testing hypothesis for inclusion instruction: The above information was analysed to prove the undermentioned hypothesis. In visible radiation of the antecedently published informations, a series of hypothesis were adapted and tested against the information obtained through this survey. The undermentioned hypotheses was tested: The hypothesis which was tested provinces that, â€Å" there is no important difference between male and female instructors in their attitudes towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites † .Testing Hypothesis 1:Harmonizing to the first hypothesis we assume that, â€Å" there is no important difference between male and female instructors in their attitudes towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites † . The consequence of the hypothesis is presented on table below: Among the pro-inclusive attitudes observed, the per centums of work forces and adult females who portion the same position are given in separate columns. Part I Questions Pro-inclusive Work force Womans Inclusive category suites help pupils with particular demands to execute academically better 87 % 37 % 63 % Integration of particular Students with particular demands into the regular community 70 % 22 % 78 % In order to achieve the maximal degree of inclusion, it is of import for pupils with particular demands to be portion of regular categories with back up support. 85 % 35 % 65 % The public presentation of chief watercourse pupils in regular categories are negatively affected by the presence of pupils with particular demands 65 % 25 % 75 % Inclusion category suites will insulate academically gifted pupils 75 % 22 % 78 % Inclusion plan in regular category suites will profit the academy pupils with particular demands 90 % 41 % 49 % Education in chief watercourse categories is the right of the pupils with particular demands. 90 % 45 % 55 % Students with particular demands will non be labeled as ‘hopeless ‘ ‘stupid ‘ and ‘weird ‘ when placed in regular category suites 91 % 32 % 68 % On being asked if they think that inclusive manner of instruction helps pupils with particular demands fare better academically, 85 % of instructors were positive towards the inquiry. The per centum of work forces and adult females who voted for inclusivity as a aid for particular instruction in footings of academic betterment in pupils with particular demands were 37 % work forces and 63 % adult females. As both genders are unevenly represented in the population, the per centums were controlled for based on representation. For the inquiry of whether they thought that the integrating of particular needs kids into the general pupil community would impact the regular pupils in any manner 70 % of the instructors surveyed disagreed of which 22 % were work forces while 78 % were adult females. To the inquiry of whether or non endorse up support must be given to kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to accomplish the highest degree of inclusion, 85 % of the respondents stron gly believed that back up support must be given to accomplish the highest degree of inclusion of which 35 % were work forces and 65 % were adult females. On being asked if they thought that academically talented pupils will be isolated in an inclusive category apparatus, 75 % think that academically talented kids will non be isolated in inclusive category suites of which 22 % were work forces and 78 % were adult females. To the 5th inquiry as to whether the arrangement of kids with particular demands in regular category suites may impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse pupils, 65 % of instructors thought that the arrangement of kids with particular demands in regular category suites will non impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse pupils of which 25 % were work forces and 75 % were adult females. To the inquiry of whether kids with particular instruction demands will profit from inclusive instruction, 90 % of the instructors surveyed strongly accepted that kids with particular demands will profit of which 41 % were work forces and 49 % were adult females. On being asked if they thought that kids with particular academic demands have a right to chief watercourse instruction, 90 % of the instructors agreed of which 45 % were work forces and 55 % were adult females. To the last inquiry as to whether the arrangement of kids with particular demands in regular category suites may ensue in labeling of the chidren with particular demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and therefore dispute the end of inclusivity, a bulk of 91 % of instructors disagreed of which 32 % were work forces and 68 % were adult females. The consequences show that overall adult females seemed to possess more positive attitude than work forces towards inclusivity. Student ‘s t-test was performed on the values obtained and hypothesis one was proved untrue. Hence, there is considerable discrepancy between male and female instructors in their attitudes towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites † . Statistical analysis of the trial consequences show that 32.37 % of positive attitude was shown by work forces towards inclusive instruction, with a standard divergence of +/-8.71 while 66.37 % was shown by adult females, with a standard divergence of +/-10.63. 2-tailed T-test was performed on the information obtained and the difference was important at 99 % assurance interval. Hence there is a important difference in the attitude of work forces and adult females towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites. Part II Questions Pro-collaborative Work force Womans Regular instructors and Particular demands instructors must work together in order to learn pupils with particular demands in inclusive category suites. 94 % 46 % 54 % Because of the expostulation from the chief watercourse schoolroom teachers the execution of Inclusive instruction is uneffective although it is a really good construct. 30 % 67 % 33 % The duty of chief watercourse category instructors towards pupils with particular demands is of at most importance. 78 % 41 % 49 % The presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites could raise troubles in finding who truly is responsible for the particular pupils 22 % 74 % 26 % Particular demands of the pupils are merely met by particular instruction instructors. 22 % 90 % 10 % The consequence of gender on perceptual experiences of instructors from the US the corporate attempts between particular instruction and chief watercourse instructors in an inclusive schoolroom were studied. On being asked if they thought that particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instructors must work together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites, 94 % of the instructors accepted this position of which 46 % were work forces and 54 % were adult females. Inclusive instruction is a good construct, but its executing is bootless due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors. To this inquiry as to whether the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 30 % of instructors did non believe that the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors of which 67 % were work forces and 33 % were adult females. To the 3rd inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands placed in their regular category suites, 78 % of instructors accepted this position of which 41 % were work forces and 49 % were adult females. On being asked if they thought that the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites could raise troubles in finding who truly is responsible for the pupils with particular demands, 22 % of the instructors disagreed this position of which 74 % were work forces and 26 % were adult females. To the last inquiry as to whether or non a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites, merely 34 % disagreed of which 90 % were work forces and 10 % were adult females. Statistical analysis of the trial consequences show that 63.6 % of positive attitude was shown by work forces towards inclusive instruction, with a standard divergence of +/-20.23 while 34.4 % was shown by adult females, with a standard divergence of +/-17.78. A 2-tailed T-test was performed on the information obtained and the difference was non important at 95 % assurance interval. Hence there is no notable alteration in the attitude of work forces and adult females towards collaborative attempts required towards the execution of particular instruction in a manner that helps recognize its end. Part III Questions Pro-improvement Work force Womans Teachers of the chief watercourse schoolroom have the accomplishments and the preparation to learn and run into the demand particular demand pupils 75 % 48 58 % Particular needs pupils need excess aid and attending 95 % 45 % 55 % compared to the regular pupils there was more of disciplinary jobs with pupils of particular demands 92 % 54 % 46 % Particular needs instructors are of really small aid to chief stream category room instructors. 58 % 39 % 61 % the resources for the pupils with particular demands in a chief watercourse category room are limited although inclusive instruction is of great of import, 88 % 52 % 48 % The hypothesis was tested to see the consequence of the gender of the learning module on some of the issues that needs the attending of the people involved in carry throughing inclusive particular instruction plans. To the first inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites, a bulk of 75 % did non prefer the thought of which 42 % were work forces and 58 % were adult females. On being asked if they thought that kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites, 95 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position of which 45 % were work forces and 55 % were adult females. To the inquiry og whether or non kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils, 92 % of the respondents accepted this position of which 54 % were work forces and 46 % were adult females. Particular instructors are non of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructor. To this inquiry as to whether the particular instructors are of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructor, 58 % accepted the thought of which 39 % were work forces and 51 % were adult females. Last, to the inquiry as to whether resources for pupils with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom though inclusive instruction is of import, a bulk of 88 % accepted the thought of which 52 % were work forces and 48 % were adult females. Statistical analysis of the trial consequences show that 46.4 % of positive attitude was shown by work forces towards inclusive instruction, with a standard divergence of +/-6.42 while 51.6 % was shown by adult females, with a standard divergence of +/-6.26. 2-tailed T-test was performed on the information obtained and the difference was non important at 95 % assurance interval. Hence there is no notable alteration in the attitude of work forces and adult females towards betterments necessary in particular instruction. Based on the survey consequences, in general, the instructors had a positive attack towards the inclusive theoretical account of instruction, a positive attack towards a collaborative attempt to assist make the ultimate end of inclusion and a positive attack towards the attempts to better the inclusive programme. Further the survey tested the hypothesis of gender prejudice in credence of the inclusive plan among instructors and found that adult females were more accepting towards the inclusion of kids with particular demands and hence the end of the plan than work forces. The information was important at the 99 % assurance interval. Interestingly work forces were more positive for collaborative attempts than they were for inclusion as a whole although the information was non important at the 95 % assurance interval. Both work forces and adult females were positive about the demand for betterments in the field and there was no important difference in their attitudes based on the tool used. Restrictions of the survey: The sample size is excessively little and therefore non representative of all the schools in the United States. The Numberss of work forces and adult females campaigners interviewed are non the same and therefore the survey might hold been more colored towards the position of adult females than work forces. Further surveies with an hypertrophied sample drawn from all the provinces are needed to make to the decisions that can be said as true to the full instruction population of the United States. This survey should besides separate instructors ‘ attitudes towards the inclusion of different types of particular instruction demands, which are thought to represent an of import parametric quantity. The information must farther be linked to attitudinal tonss that link teacher attitude to either learning effectivity or to pupil results which is yet to be explored.

Legal/Ethical Issues and the Solutions of a DNR

Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders are those given by a physician indication that in the event of a cardiac or respiratory arrest â€Å"no† resuscitative measures should be used to revive the patient (Pozgar, 2013, p. 153).Difficulties and confusion about do not resuscitate orders still exist, despite efforts to help patients, families, and surrogate decision-makers make informed choices. In this paper, issues will be addressed about the legal and ethical dilemmas about a DNR, how a DNR can affect while being used in a school system, the history of the issues of DNR, and how potential effects can be addressed to the issues for the future.Additionally, I will discuss the legal rights of the DNR to individuals as they interact with healthcare services, the implications of the patient’s bill of rights as it reflects to a DNR, and analyze selected ethical and legal case studies that have promulgated precedent-setting decisions. The majority of patients who die in hospital have a â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate† (DNR) order in place at the time of their death, yet we know very little about why some patients request or agree to a DNR order, why others don’t, and how they view discussions of resuscitation status.Some issues addressed with a study are the patients and families understanding the considerations of a typical request of full code (FC) or DNR orders. DNR patients reported a much greater familiarity with resuscitation discussions than FC patients. This was typically due to previous conversations with health care professionals, experiences with relatives, or self-realization prompted by other experiences. FC patients, on the other hand, typically reported no previous experience with this discussion, although a few had discussed it previously on admission to hospital.FC and DNR patients had very different understandings of resuscitation and DNR orders, and there were few common themes identified in their answers. DNR patients described resusc itation as violent or traumatic event, associated with â€Å"tubes† or â€Å"machines,† painful, and generally futile. FC patients, on the other hand, often described resuscitation in a more abstract way, the â€Å"restoration† of life. Finally, a small number admitted frankly that they had no clear idea of what resuscitation actually were (Downar, Luk, Sibbald, Santini, Mikhael, Berman, and Hawryluck, 2011).Although most patients are pleased with their physician’s approach to the conversation, many reported a negative emotional response overall. Both FC and DENR patients often reported being shocked or upset by the conversation, either because of the timing or the content, or simply being confronted with their own mortality. Advance Care Planning may help reduce this negative response; by normalizing the subject and raising it before an acute illness, physicians may help reduce anxiety and shock when it is raised during deterioration.Both FC and DNR pati ents emphasized the importance of honesty, clarity, and sensitivity when discussing this issue (Downar, Luk, Sibbald, Santini, Mikhael, Berman, and Hawryluck, 2011). Mr. H is an 81-year old veteran with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression. His daughters went to visit their father at 10 am and found him awake, but unable to communicate or follow commands. Empty morphine bottles were strewn around the room where he was found. Mr. H’s daughters called an ambulance and had their father transported to the emergency department of the local VA hospital.In the emergency department, there was concern for either an accidental or intentional opioid overdose, and the toxicology screen was positive for opioids. Narcan was administered with some modest and brief improvement in mental status, but Mr. H never obtained a level of consciousness that would enable him to express his treatment preferences. Progress notes written during the weeks before the inc ident indicated that Mr. H had threatened to commit suicide if his respiratory disease progressed to the point that he could not breathe.Mr. H was admitted to the medical intensive care unit, where an arterial  blood gas showed him to have respiratory acidosis. Several hours after arrival in the MICU, Mr. H became hypotensive and bradycardic. The intensive care resident on duty advised the daughters of her concern that the patient would develop respiratory failure that was likely to lead to a cardiac arrest, requiring CPR. The daughters indicated their father’s longstanding wish to be DNR. A durable power of attorney for health care (DPOA) executed five years before, although not documenting any treatment preferences, did appoint the two daughters as health care agents.The intensive care resident explained to the daughters that it was standard clinical practice to utilize CPR, even if patients had clearly expressed wishes to be DNR, if the arrest of respiratory compromise w as secondary to a suicide attempt. The daughters informed the resident that they had had several extended conversations with their father over the last year, occasioned by his failing health, in which he had communicated to them his wish not to have any aggressive care when his quality of life declined.The daughters both professed to be devout Christians, but said their father had been an inveterate atheist, whose philosophy of life was that when an individual could no longer function at an acceptable level, he had the right to refuse all life-sustaining interventions. The resident and the intensive care attending, which had now arrived, did not feel they could ethically or legally enter a DNR order, precluding the use of a life-saving intervention that could potentially reverse Mr. H’s respiratory failure, because it was secondary to a suicide attempt.At this juncture, the MICU physicians requested an urgent ethics consultation to resolve the conflict. The decision to overri de the DNR request of an individual who has attempted suicide is often framed as a clear and classical conflict between the principles of autonomy and beneficence or nonmaleficence. The other situation occurs when an individual, having authorized an EMS DNR order, attempts suicide and is discovered before the attempt becomes successful; Both circumstances provoke the classic dilemma, where the ethical wishes of rescuers to act for the good of their patient i. e., beneficence, run counter to the individual’s autonomous wishes expressed in the EMS DNR order.The rescuer cannot satisfy both of these conflicting ethical principles (Geppert, 2010). A 2010, reviewed of the clinical, ethical, and legal dilemmas related to DNR orders in suicidal patients presents a case report of a patient hospitalized for severe depression, who overdoses on the psychiatric unit and is found unresponsive with a recently obtained DNR order in her hands, The review argues that contemporary law and polic y related to DNR orders are not formulated to encompass the situation of an individual with serious mental illness.They recommend that patients be screened for suicidal ideation before a DNR order is entered, and that states and institutions clarify their response to DNR status in the context of attempted suicide. â€Å"Passive assistance† occurs when a health care provider does nothing to prevent a patient’s suicide. In the health care context, however, passive assistance has been an ethical practice for many years. For example, DNR orders have been instrumental in forming the current awareness of rights and responsibilities in the area of death and dying.A physician who refrains from attempting CPR on a patient who has made a rational choice to commit suicide is within the acceptable guidelines of the practice of medicine. If there is disagreement, every reasonable effort should be made to communicate with the patient or family. In many cases, this will lead to resol ution of the conflict. In difficult cases, an ethics consultation can prove helpful. Nevertheless, CPR should generally be provided to such patients, even if judged futile.In some cases, the decision about CPR occurs at a time when the patient is unable to participate in decision making, and hence cannot voice a preference. There are two general approaches to this dilemma: Advance Directives and surrogate decision makers (University of Washington School of Medicine, 2008). Do Not Resuscitate Orders in Schools In recent years, legal trends have expanded educational opportunities, including access to adaptive, for children and adults with wide variety of disabilities or handicaps.The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has previously addressed the ethical and legal issues involved in decisions to either limit or withdraw life-sustaining medical treatment. Parents, who, after consultation with their pediatrician and other advisors, decide to forego CPR of their child, may want this de cision respected by school system personnel. These decisions challenge all persons involved in a situation in which SPR may be given to balance personal beliefs, strong feelings, legal concerns (especially those having to do with liability), educational considerations, and other issues (Pediatrics, 2000).In contrast, the school officials may be worried that a DNR order could be misinterpreted by medically untrained staff, resulting in harm to a child, or they may worry that personnel would feel bound not to respond to an easily reversible condition, such as a mucous plug in a child with a tracheotomy. Administrators have concerns about their personnel responding to circumstances not anticipated by a DNR order, such as when a child chokes on food or is injured. School officials may be rightfully concerned about the effect of a death in school on other students.The parents of healthy children may not want their children exposed to death in a classroom or other school setting (Pediatri cs, 2000). The AAP recommends that pediatricians and parents of children at increased risk of dying in school who desire a DNR order meet with school officials – including nursing personnel, teachers, administrators, and EMS personnel, and, when appropriate, the child. Individuals involved ideally will reach an agreement about the goals of in-school medical interventions and the best means to implement those goals. Concerted efforts to accommodate all points of view will help avoid confrontation and possible litigation.Pediatricians need to assist parents and schools to review, as needed when warranted by a change in the child’s condition, but at least every six months, plans for in-school care. Pediatricians need to review the plan with the board of education and its legal counsel. Pediatricians and their chapter and district members should work with local and state authorities responsible for EMS policies affecting out-of-hospital DNR orders to develop rational proce dures and legal understanding about what can be done that respects the rights and interests of dying children (Pediatrics, 2000).History of issues with a DNR The development of CPR in the early 1960s precipitated the need for DNR orders. However, it soon became evident that the routine application of resuscitation efforts to any patient who suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest led to new problems. Thus, even in the earliest stages of its development, resuscitative measures presented a basic ethical quandary that still underpins much of the controversy over DNR orders today: the potential conflict between prolongation of life itself and the quality of the life preserved. DNR orders arose out of the need to address such suffering.In 1974, the American Medical Association noted that â€Å"CPR is not indicated in certain situations, such as in cases of terminal irreversible illness where death is not unexpected. † DNR orders developed out of the general bioethics milieu of the last quarter of the twentieth century, concomitant to â€Å"the promotion of patient autonomy: (Goldberg, 2007, p. 60). While DNR orders have, by the present day, become a familiar if not regularly encountered phenomenon, â€Å"there is less legal certainty for providers regarding DNR orders for incompetent patients† (Goldberg, 2007, p. 60).The patient Self-Determination Act of 1990, the 1983 report of the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, and the ruling in Cruzan, Quinlan and other landmark cases established the right of competent patients, through both advance directives and their surrogates, to refuse life-sustaining treatments, providing the ethical and legal basis of DNR orders. Currently, the Joint Commission standards require all health care institutions to have policies and procedures regarding advance directives and DNR orders.All 50 states have statutory requirements that uphold the autono my of competent patients to make health care decisions, including those regarding CPR, and to exercise this self-determination through authorized surrogates should they lose decision-making capacity (Geppert, 2010). A Patient’s Bill of Rights Reflected in a DNR DNR comfort care orders permit comfort care only, both before and during a cardiac or respiratory arrest. This kind of order is generally appropriate for a patient with a terminal illness, short life expectancy, or little chance of surviving CPR.DNR comfort care arrest orders permit the use of all resuscitative therapies before an arrest, but not during or after an arrest. A cardiac arrest is defined as an absence of palpable pulse. A respiratory arrest is defined as no spontaneous respirations or the presence of agonal breathing. Once an arrest is confirmed, all resuscitative efforts should be stopped and comfort care alone initiated. DNR specified orders allow the physician to â€Å"tailor† the DNR order to th e specific circumstances and wishes of the patient.For example, under this option the physician could specify â€Å"pharmacological code only,† or â€Å"no defibrillation,† or â€Å"do not intubate† (Department of Bioethics, n. d. ). If the patients’ preferences regarding resuscitation are clear, they should be respected. Patient preferences to refuse resuscitative efforts can be communicated directly by the patient, or by an advance directive, a valid Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) order, or by the patient’s legal representative. Unofficial documentation may be considered when determining patient preferences (ACEP, 2008).It is appropriate for out-of-hospital providers to honor valid DNAR orders or out-of-hospital advance directives. Standardized guidelines and protocols should be developed to direct out-of-hospital personnel’s resuscitative efforts. When resuscitative efforts are not indicated, emergency physicians should provide appro priate medical and psychosocial care during the dying process. This may include the provision of comfort measures and psychosocial support for the patient and family.Recommendations to better DNRsFirst, to the extent permissible under individual state laws, propose that U. S. hospitals and journals begin to consider the term â€Å"do not resuscitate order† and the abbreviation â€Å"DNR† to be obsolete. These terms carry the implicit message that when interventions such as chest compressions and bag-mask ventilation are undertaken, resuscitation of the patient will result. Suggestion to use the phrase â€Å"do not attempt resuscitation† and the abbreviation â€Å"DNAR,† making clear that CPR is really only an attempt at resuscitation.Find that DNAR retains clarity about the interventions being discussed while reminding both patients and practitioners of the uncertainty of the outcome of resuscitative efforts. Second, to remind medical learners and practit ioners of the questions that must be answered at the time of admission to the hospital. Placing â€Å"attempt resuscitation† status immediately after diagnosis reminds the practitioner that the diagnosis of the patient should play a major role in determining whether resuscitation should be attempted.This modification in the admission orders also makes the specification of â€Å"attempt resuscitation† and â€Å"do not attempt resuscitation† explicit. While some policies will at first continue to presume consent for CPR, practitioners will be reminded that there is a decision to be made. Third, as a routine part of a discussion the physician should provide an explanation of how the patient’s prognosis would change should the patient experience cardiopulmonary arrest. A cardiopulmonary arrest is not a neutral event.It is thus not only indicative of the severity of illness, but also an indicator that the prognosis is worse than if the cardiopulmonary arrest h ad not happened. A discussion of these features can be of particular value to families of patients for whom an event of cardiopulmonary arrest would indicate a worsening of the underlying disease or result in irreversible damage. Fourth, physicians should help clarify prognosis by proposing a course of action to the family. In some instances, that will mean deferring to patient decision, where the medical evidence and judgment is not conclusive.In other situations, it will mean recommending that CPR not be attempted. Consistent with safeguards ensuring physician accountability and where individual state laws would permit broad physician discretion, it might even mean that some cases will necessitate reclassifying CPR as a pseudo-option that does not even warrant a mention. However, a failure to make a recommendation is more likely to cause families additional anxiety than it is to be perceived as coercion.In addition, making a proposal for a course of action can help a physician com municate the significance of a cardiopulmonary arrest given the patient’s underlying condition (Bishop, Brothers, Perry, and Ahmad, 2010, pp. 65-66). In conclusion, when patients’ and physicians’ understanding of the best decision, or of the preferred role of either party, diverge, conflict may ensue. In order to elicit and negotiate with patient preferences, flexibility is required during clinical interactions about decision making.A conventional formulation would contend that the origin of the respiratory depression from a suicide attempt was the ethically determinative factor. This perspective would logically have led to the recommendation to override the surrogates’ request for a DNR order. Yet this attribution gives more ethical weight to a choice the patient appeared to have made impulsively and proximately, with questionable decisional capacity, rather than the distal and deliberate preference of an individual with intact capacity to refuse life-su staining treatments (Geppert, 2010).The four recommendations are only the first steps along a process of a DNR change. The ultimate goal will be to reach a more balanced place where discussions about decisions can be made jointly, but with the acknowledgement that all decisions are laden with moral values inherent in the practice of medicine and life in a pluralistic society and that all judgments are themselves fallible.

Barriers Faced by Human Service Workers Essay Example for Free

Barriers Faced by Human Service Workers Essay â€Å"Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile. † – Albert Einstein Human service workers act as a liaison between clients in need and the agencies clients seek to obtain help from, and while human service workers strive to provide services in an adequate and timely manner this is not always possible. Human service workers are human therefore there can be a large margin of error. All human service agencies are subject to barriers that prevent perfect service from being rendered. While certain barriers do exist in the human service field improvements can be made that can lead to greater service. In today’s society technology is dominating the workforce causing former work methods to become obsolete. While technology is constantly changing the changes made are often for the better, allowing companies to thrive and overcome existing barriers once faced. Technology not only benefits â€Å"business† companies, but also greatly improves the barriers faced by human service workers. One potential barrier that human service agencies can face is falsification on company records. Falsification of records can prove fatal, especially in Child or Elder Protection cases. While falsification of records may not be the human service workers intention it can indeed be committed when time restraints prevent case workers from visiting their clients in a given time frame. In August 2006 lack of time and falsification of records proved fatal for 14 year old Danieal Kelley of Philadelphia, Pa. Danieal Kelley a then 14 year old cerebral palsy victim died from neglect at the hands of her own mother. The nightmare of forced starvation and infection that killed Danieal while under the protection of the city’s human service agency is documented in a 258 page grand jury report that charges nine people, her parents, four social workers, and three family friends- in her ghastly death† (CBS3,2008). In the case of Danieal Kelley â€Å"the department of Human Services received at least five reports of Danieal being mistreated between 2003 and 2005†(CBS3, 2008), and while social workers were assigned to Daniela’s case, none appeared to follow through. According to CBS3 news it’s suspected that after Danieal’s death Mickal Kamuvaka the company director of the agency in charge of Daniela’s case held a â€Å"forgery fest† in her office where she had employees â€Å"concoct almost a year’s worth of false progress reports†(CBS3, 2008). The fact that no one took time to protect Danieal sheds light on the terrible fact that â€Å"some† social workers falsify documents to protect themselves. In order to prevent future case like Danieal’s its imperative that a system be in place to prevent social workers from simply doctoring records when it’s convenient for them. A method that could be used to track the whereabouts of said social workers could be a G. P. S. Agencies could provide social workers who are required to make home visits with cell phones implanted with G. P. S. systems. The tracking system could be used while the social workers are on the clock to ensure that home visits are indeed being made within the required time frame. This tracking system could prevent workers from falsifying documentation because their whereabouts would be known ahead of time. An online G. P. S. racking system called World Tracker Web GPS (webgpstrack), which allows devices to be tracked through internet access. According to Mobile GPs online, â€Å"Web GPS Track is a self contained hardware and software package that allows a user to track his assets from anywhere through an internet connected PC† (Mobile GPs, 2008). The Web GPS Tracker works by using the world tracker and a SIM card from a local GSM wireless network carrier. Once the SIM card is inserted into a cell phone, GPS tracking can begin. One’s location can then be accessed by using platforms such as Google maps. This small device can be a very helpful tool in the human service field when it’s necessary to obtain truthful information about a workers true whereabouts. Web GPS Track can become expensive depending on the number of units needed for a given agency. The cost includes a onetime purchase fee of the World Tracker unit which is $350 each. An additional on time subscription fee of 99. 89 per unit is needed to activate the account. Additional fees include a monthly service fee of 19. 98 per unit, a onetime SIM card fee ranging between $25 and $ 50, and any SMS service fee charged by a local service provider. While the cost of GPS tracking can be expensive, it can prove beneficial when proper records are needed, and it may save an agency from facing a large lawsuit because of false documentation, it could also prevent another case of Danieal Kelley. Another potential barrier faced by human service agencies is Intellectual Property Theft. â€Å"Intellectual property is anything from names, images, symbols, and designs used in commerce, intellectual property is considered a valuable asset and most organizations have protected their intellectual property from infringement by others† (Hefter,1995). Intellectual property theft becomes possible when secure information is left unattended and within reach of possible culprits. Some ways that intellectual property may get out is through emails sent to incorrect recipients, when confidential information is left in common areas, or left laying on printers or scanners. Information can also be lost when employees speak on their cell phones in public areas. Intellectual property theft in the human service field can wreak havoc on clients. Personal information can fall into the wrong hands whether it in a domestic violence shelter or and employment shelter. While intellectual property theft is very serious solutions exist that can help combat Intellectual Property Theft. Aside from agencies limiting access to non business related websites to help prevent being hacked, a program called Symantec Data Loss Prevention which is used by leading technological companies can also be used as a safety measure. â€Å"Symantec Data Loss Prevention protects companies from malicious employee behavior, pirating, or accidental leaks that expose confidential information† (Symantec Security, 2008). Symantec Data Loss Prevention works by â€Å"1. Discovery; the software finds confidential data where ever it’s stored, creates an inventory of sensitive, and automatically manages data clean up. 2. Monitor; SDLP helps a company understand how confidential information is being used whether the user is on or off the cooperate network, and gain enterprise visibility. 3. Protect; SDLP helps companies gain visibility into policy violations to proactively secure data and preventing confidential data from leaving an organization.   4.  Manage; SDLP helps companies define universal policies across an enterprise, remediate and report incidents, and detect content accurately within one unified platform† (Symantec Security, 2008). A program offered by Symantec is Norton Internet Security which performs the necessary features above. The cost of the Norton software is fairly inexpensive costing 69. 99. This cost allows a computer to be fully protected for a year before needing to renew the software subscription. Norton is inexpensive software which will help rotect company files and serves as a valuable investment, whether in a corperate office or a human service agency. Another potential barrier faced by human service agencies is the loss of data. As technology becomes more prevalent in the workforce more records are being transferred from paper to computers. As with any form of technology the possibility of records being lost is very real if computers crash or other technological difficulties arise. The best way to protect data is to always backup files. A number of technological software exist that can do this. For agencies using windows, â€Å"The windows server backup software can be used to automatically and continuously backup a number of devices like NAS,CD/DVD, hard drive and tapes† (Computer Customizing, 2008). One form of windows backup software is Acronis True Image which creates a replica of the disk image of the windows server. According to Computer Customizing this backup software helps aid in server disaster recovery by creating backups on a number of media, SAN volumes, and NAS. This software also restores huge databases and all the individual files with instant bare metal restore (Computer Customizing, 2008). This software will help protect all important files preventing valuable files from being lost. Human service workers and human service agencies are bound to face barriers on any given day and while this is an unavoidable truth there are solutions that can allow for a faster paced, safer, and more ethical workplace. While the vast majority of services rendered by human service agencies are completed by hard working human beings, technology is paving the road for a more effective work environment as long as agencies properly utilize the technological tools that are becoming available at a lightning fast rate. Technology is the way of the future and needs to be embraced in order to keep up with the times and not get lost in an overflow of paperwork which distracts from the true purpose of a human service worker which is to be an advocate for those in need. Barriers Faced by Human Service Workers. (2017, Feb 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

The Filipino and the Drunkard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Filipino and the Drunkard - Essay Example This confirms his passive aggressiveness to actually inflict injury on another person. Though this may be considered as proof that there was conclusive intent on his part to kill the drunkard, the circumstance of his utterance evidences the contrary. There was unlawful aggression on the part of the drunkard but his actions of stabbing, although it is categorically harassment of a grave nature, does not equate to a real life threatening situation which would make self-defense appreciable. It is not a reasonable means in relation to the type of aggression. There was no overt act on the part of the American that manifests he is without a doubt going to hurt or kill the Filipino. He had no deadly weapon except the fact that he was significantly bigger than the boy. Furthermore, one must consider that he was in a state of drunkenness and this is an alternative circumstance since he does not have the full capacity to grasp his actions and the right state of mind. When the drunkard grabbed hold of the boy and was choking him, we must consider that there was also provocation on the part of the Filipino since he first stabbed the man. It was clear from the facts that the Filipino was already overcome with rage and had decided to hurt the drunkard but he did not want to kill him. On a sudden fit of rage he stabbed the man once. If he was able to thrust his knife multiple times while was held compromisingly by the physically larger drunkard, then, on the first attack he would have already done so. This proves that his initial intention was to somehow physically hurt the man. But to reiterate, he was not completely without fault and to fully absolve him of his acts would be